Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) is a major public health concern in Ecuador due to its high prevalence and the array of complications it brings to those afflicted. Over recent decades, the incidence of DMT2 has shown a significant increase in Ecuador, impacting the quality of life and the healthcare systems significantly. Objective: the study aims to review and synthesize existing literature on the complications of DMT2 within the Ecuadorian population, highlighting the burdens and management gaps. Methodology: a bibliographic search was conducted across several databases, including PubMed and Web of Science, with search terms related to diabetes, nutrition, and complications. Criteria for inclusion were studies relating to DMT2 and its complications conducted in Ecuador and published in either English or Spanish. Data from 30 relevant articles were selected and analyzed based on their content and focus. Results: the findings revealed a worrisome increase in mortality associated with DMT2, with 4,895 deaths recorded in 2017 and an increase to 5,051 in 2022, making it a leading cause of death in Ecuador. Frequent complications include severe cardiovascular issues, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, each significantly affecting patient mortality and quality of life. The review highlighted deficiencies in the prevention and management of DMT2, noting the insufficiency of current strategies against established risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, sedentarism, and smoking. Conclusion: the review emphasizes the critical need to strengthen public health policies and educational and self-care programs for diabetes in Ecuador. Enhancements in these areas could significantly reduce the disease's burden and improve health outcomes for the Ecuadorian population

Obesity is defined by an excess of fat mass, however, there are other anthropometric indicators that can be useful for the diagnosis of overweight or obesity; Objetive. To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body shape index (ABSI) for the diagnosis of overweight or obesity in an adult population of Ecuador. Materials and methods. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out in which 253 subjects aged between 20 and 60 years participated. Weight, height, waist circumference and percentage body fat (PBF) were measured. The PBF was correlated with BMI, WC and ABSI and the sensitivity and specificity of these indicators were established for the diagnosis of overweight or obesity with ROC curves. Results. The PBF was lower in men than in women (30.09 vs 41.87), ABSI and CC were higher in men than in women (0.079 vs 0.075) and (99.76 vs 91.25) respectively. A strong positive correlation (≥0.75) was found between % body fat and BMI and WC. On the ROC curve, the area under the highest curve is observed for BMI (0.949), while the lowest area is observed for ABSI (0.395). Conclusion. The BMI is the indicator with the highest diagnostic precision of overweight or obesity. ABSI would not be a useful indicator in the diagnosis of overweight or obesity.

Introducción: El índice de la forma del cuerpo (ABSI) se basa en que la circunferencia de cintura (CC) es independiente de la estatura, el peso y el índice de masa corporal (IMC); donde un resultado alto del ABSI indica que la circunferencia de cintura es mayor de la esperada para un cierto peso y estatura, correspondiendo con mayor concentración del volumen corporal a nivel abdominal. La bioimpedancia (BIA) es un buen método para determinar el agua corporal y la masa libre de grasa, esta se basa en la estrecha relación que hay entre las propiedades eléctricas del cuerpo humano, la composición corporal de los diferentes tejidos y del contenido total de agua en el cuerpo. Objetivo: Establecer una relación estadística entre el ABSI e indicadores de composición corporal en adultos con obesidad. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se evaluaron a 173 pacientes que asistieron a consulta privada entre 20 – 60 años, con diagnóstico definido de obesidad según el IMC ≥ 30 kg/m2 . Se tomaron medidas antropométricas peso, talla, CC y se realizó una BIA para el análisis de composición corporal. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 36,7 ± 9,7 años. Se calculó el ABSI resultando una media global de 0,075 ± 0,004, en hombres 0,079 ±0,05y mujeres 0,075 ± 0,04. Se realizó análisis bivariado entre el ABSI y variables de composición corporal globales sin encontrar relación estadísticamente significativa. El ABSI vs peso (kg) correlación 0,201 valor de P: 0, 008; ABSI vs ACT (L) correlación 0,229 valor de P 0,002; ABSI vs MG (kg) correlación -0,083 valor de P 0,276; ABSI vs MME (kg) correlación 0,219 valor de P 0,004. Conclusiòn: Se establece que el ABSI no se relaciona directamente con variables de análisis de composición corporal total. No se comprobó una relación positiva con la variable de masa grasa total o una relación negativa con la variable masa músculo esquelética.

Obesity is one of the most prevalent health problems in the world, with figures of about 641 million people. The usual treatment for this condition is the reduction of calories from the diet, use of medications or surgical interventions. Obesity is associated with an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. Prebiotics are non-digestible compounds of dietary fibers. Probiotics are living organisms that confer benefits to the individual. The objective was to determine the efficacy of the consumption of prebiotics and probiotics for the treatment of obesity. A systematic review of 9 scientific articles selected from Web of Science, Pubmed, Taylor and Francis, Dialnet and Scielo was performed. The review revealed that the use of pre and probiotics contributes to the reduction of weight, BMI and waist circumference in people with obesity, as well as the reduction of some biochemical markers associated with obesity. It is suggested that supplementation with prebiotics and probiotics may be an alternative as an adjuvant in the treatment of obesity. However, more studies are needed to support their use.

Introduction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by elevated glucose levels, which over time can cause severe vascular complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Body composition, particularly lean mass, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass is a key factor in preventing these complications. This study evaluated the relationship between body composition, measured by bioimpedance, and vascular complications in T2DM patients. Methods. A quantitative, correlational, and multivariate study was conducted with 88 T2DM patients aged 18 to 90 years from diabetes clubs in the province of Tungurahua. Bioimpedance (Inbody S10) was used to measure body composition. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis with SPSS.Results. The results showed that lean mass and fat-free mass decreased significantly with age, which correlates with a higher risk of vascular complications. Skeletal muscle mass had a weaker correlation with complications, especially in the case of retinopathy. Microvascular complications, such as neuropathy and nephropathy, were more related to lean mass and fat-free mass. Conclusions. Preserving lean mass and fat-free mass are critical factors for reducing the risk of vascular complications in T2DM patients. Physical exercise and proper nutrition are suggested to maintain a healthy body composition, especially in older adults, as a key strategy to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications.