Objective: To analyze the efficiency of a hybrid manufacturing process that combines arc and wire additive manufacturing (WAAM) with hot forging, using the UTP DUR 600 consumable, evaluating its effects in the microstructure and mechanical properties of pen type hammers. Theoretical Structure: Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for the rapid and precise creation of complex projects, making the WAAM technique a promising alternative for its ability to deposit large volumes of material. However, its lower surface precision can be compensated by subsequent processes, such as hot forging — a technique consolidated in the industry for improving the mechanical properties of two metals by means of plastic deformation at high temperatures. Method: Metal pieces are manufactured by WAAM with the UTP DUR 600 electrode arame, deposited layer by layer, and subsequently submeted into the forging by quente. Avaliaram-se alterações microestruturais, including the recrystallization dynamic, or refinement of grains, or alignment of the fibers of the material and the distribution of phases. The effects of temperature and deformation rates are also considered. The resistance to abrasive wear was validated with a non-flat base of the deposit path. Results and Discussion: The forging caused dynamic recrystallization and significant alterations in the microstructure of the UTP DUR 600 liga, including the refinement of grains and the realinhamento of the fibers of the material. These changes contribute to the increase in mechanical resistance and tenacity of parts. Abrasive wear resistance also presents advantages, associated with the planing of the deposition process and the forging conditions. Research Implications: The study demonstrates that the combination of WAAM with quente forging can overcome surface precision limitations of additive manufacturing, offering parts with better mechanical properties. A detailed analysis of the process variables contributes to the optimization of industrial parameters in applications that demand high wear resistance. Originality/Value: The research presents an innovative approach to integrating additive manufacturing by arame arc with hot forging, investigating its microstructural and mechanical effects in a high hardness league. This combination is still little explored in the literature, especially in the manufacturing of fine components, offering significant advances in the performance and durability of two components.

A técnica de Manufatura Aditiva (MA) tem ganhado espaço desde sua divulgação em 2011 na Alemanha, como um dos pilares da indústria 4.0. Desde então, diversos materiais estão sendo estudados, tal como os metais. Este trabalho é concentrado na deposição camada por camada de um arame de alta resistência mecânica denominado de UTP AF LEDURIT 60. Este material possui elevada dureza, e é utilizado para soldagem onde há desgaste combinado por atrito e, compressão metal-metal. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo é entender o comportamento microestrutural e de microdureza para este material aplicado para MA. Para isso, uma peça foi impressa com dimensões de 40 milímetros (mm), 35mm e 30mm, para comprimento, largura e espessura, respectivamente. Na sequência, foram realizados os ensaios de espectrometria de emissão óptica para determinar a composição química, ensaio metalográfico para caracterização microestrutural e, de microdureza Vickers para compreender a resistência do material a deformação superficial. Para a análise de espectroscopia, o resultado ficou próximo ao especificado pelo fabricante, no entanto houve algumas distorções no resultado devido a deposição por soldagem a arco, relativos as interações do material de deposição com material de base. A microdureza para este arame obteve uma média de 780 ± 91 HV, com regiões com até 964,42 HV. A microestrutura se mostrou característica de um ferro fundido branco alto cromo, conforme esperado para o arame UTP AF LEDURIT 60. Os blocos brancos na microestrutura são característicos de carbonetos de cromo primários dispersos em matriz cementita, o que explica a dureza elevada.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of hot forging on the microstructure and microhardness of a component manufactured by additive manufacturing (AM), specifically an eyebolt produced by the WAAM (Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing) process, seeking to refine the grain size, relieve residual stresses and eliminate porosities. Theoretical Framework: Additive manufacturing (commonly called 3D printing) has been gaining ground in the manufacturing of parts and components, allowing layer-by-layer construction, useful for complex designs and rapid prototyping. The WAAM process stands out for its high material deposition rate, although it presents lower surface precision, requiring finishing by machining. The microstructure of metals printed by AM, such as carbon steel, is characterized by coarse grains, residual stresses and porosities, which can compromise the performance of the final component. Method: In this study, an eyebolt in carbon steel was manufactured by AM (WAAM process). Then, the component was subjected to hot forging. The analysis focused on evaluating the microstructure and microhardness of the samples before and after forging, seeking to verify the effect of the hybrid process (AM + forging). Results and Discussion: The microstructural analysis revealed that the forged sample presented significantly smaller grains compared to the part that was only printed. Regarding microhardness, the values ​​were also higher in the hybrid condition (207 HV) compared to the material that was only printed (161 HV), a result that was consistent with expectations, due to the grain refinement promoted by hot forging. Research Implications: The results indicate that the combination of additive manufacturing with hot forging can mitigate metallurgical deficiencies typical of printed components, such as coarse grains and porosities, in addition to improving mechanical properties, such as hardness. In addition, the use of AM allows the manufacture of preforms, reducing material waste and the need for tools in the forming process. Originality/Value: This work proposes an innovative hybrid approach, combining additive manufacturing and hot forging, as a strategy to improve the metallurgical and mechanical properties of metal components. This combination optimizes resources, promotes sustainability in the use of raw materials and expands the potential of AM for more demanding structural applications.

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze additive manufacturing by metal deposition, mechanically validating the efficiency of ER 310 stainless steel, in order to understand its metallurgical and structural behavior, in addition to establishing ideal operating parameters for layer-by-layer deposition. Theoretical Framework: Additive manufacturing (AM) is a growing manufacturing technique, known for reducing material waste and improving delivery times, in addition to contributing to sustainability by reducing the carbon impact. The technique involves the superposition of metal layers, integrating knowledge from mechanical engineering, metallurgy, welding and automation. ER 310 stainless steel, used in this study, is widely applied due to its high resistance to oxidation and heat. Method: The metal deposition process was performed using a CNC arm programmed to operate with continuous and controlled movement, forming a wall composed of several successive layers. Material characterization included chemical analysis by optical emission spectrometry and Vickers microhardness testing with 15 indentations. Metallographic analysis was also performed to observe the microstructure and thermal monitoring of the molten pool during deposition. Results and Discussion: The results demonstrated that the chemical composition of the deposited material is within the expected limits for ER 310 wire. The average microhardness was 191 HV, revealing uniformity throughout the layers. The metallographic analysis indicated a predominantly austenitic microstructure, with small dark spots attributed to the possible formation of chromium carbide, due to the high chromium content of the material. Thermal monitoring indicated temperatures in the molten pool around 1900 °C, gradually decreasing with each pass, which influences the thermal stability and the final microstructure. Research Implications: This study provides important subsidies for the development of technical parameters in the additive manufacturing of stainless alloys, especially in applications where thermal control and metallurgical integrity are essential. The implications include sectors such as advanced metallurgy, manufacturing of corrosion-resistant and high-temperature components, and contributes to the optimization of processes with less material waste. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the literature by exploring the deposition of ER 310 stainless steel using additive manufacturing with real-time thermal monitoring, offering unprecedented data on the hardness, microstructure, and thermal stability of the process. The value of the research lies in the possibility of establishing new sustainable and technically viable manufacturing routes for high-performance industrial applications.

O processo de soldagem gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) duplo arame desponta no mercado como uma alternativa importante quando se deseja aumento de produtividade. Neste estudo, para aplicação do processo de manufatura aditiva por deposição a arco, que ganhou notoriedade com a indústria 4,0, essa variante do processo de solda GMAW foi aplicado na configuração Tandem e potenciais isolados, arame AWS A5.18 ER70S-6 de 1,0 mm de diâmetro, e um cilindro de gás de proteção SG-AC-25. A parte experimental foi realizada no laboratório de tecnologia de soldagem da UNISATC, onde toda a estrutura automatizada foi desenvolvida no próprio centro acadêmico da instituição. Parâmetros foram variados apenas o necessário para alcançar um processo de soldagem estável. Além disso, geometria do cordão de solda, ensaios de dureza, composição química e determinação de microestrutura foram incluídos da parte experimental. A Importância dos resultados obtidos é vital como fonte de pesquisa para o aprimoramento do processo de manufatura aditiva com fusão localizada associado ao processo industrial de soldagem almejando alcançar diferentes aplicações com grande eficiência.

O emprego de células de soldagem robotizadas vem aumentando cada vez mais, não sendo diferente na indústria de implementos agrícolas. Porém, em geral, quando comparado à soldagem manual, as células robotizadas têm um tempo de setup maior devido à necessidade de troca e posicionamento dos gabaritos, isso aliado ao maior custo hora, faz com que seja necessário um certo tamanho de lote para diluição do custo de setup. Este estudo visa determinar o lote mínimo para viabilizar o emprego de uma célula de soldagem robotizada em comparação com a soldagem manual. O cálculo de um lote mínimo leva em conta custos do processo, como os consumíveis, depreciação, manutenção, a mão obra, sendo este um dos principais, entre outros. Estes dados foram coletados em consultas com diversos setores da empresa, além do acompanhamento do processo de soldagem. Através dos dados coletados, verificou-se que o custo hora da soldagem robotizada é aproximadamente 85% maior que na soldagem manual.