Photovoltaic technology has become a huge industry, based on the enormous applications for solar cells. In the 19th century, when photoelectric experiences started to be conducted, it would be unexpected that these optoelectronic devices would act as an essential energy source, fighting the ecological footprint brought by non-renewable sources, since the industrial revolution. Renewable energy, where photovoltaic technology has an important role, is present in 3 out of 17 United Nations 2030 goals. However, this path cannot be taken without industry and research innovation. This article aims to review and summarise all the meaningful milestones from photovoltaics history. Additionally, an extended review of the advantages and disadvantages among different technologies is done. Photovoltaics fundamentals are also presented from the photoelectric effect on a p-n junction to the electrical performance characterisation and modelling. Cells’ performance under unusual conditions are summarised, such as due to temperature variation or shading. Finally, some applications are presented and some project feasibility indicators are analysed. Thus, the review presented in this article aims to clarify to readers noteworthy milestones in photovoltaics history, summarise its fundamentals and remarkable applications to catch the attention of new researchers for this interesting field.

Thin-film modules are emerging in the photovoltaic market, due to their competitive cost compared to the traditional crystalline silicon modules. The thin-film cells CuIn_(1−x)Ga_xSe₂ (Copper Indium Gallium Selenide – CIGS) are predominating the expansion in the photovoltaic market, due to the low temperature coefficient and the ability to absorb ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation. A comparative study between photovoltaic technologies is conducted. Initially, comparisons are made among different photovoltaic modules based on theoretical data. To corroborate it, simulations are performed, using PSpice, based on the model 1M5P. To study light propagation through solar cells, 2D simulations are conducted in a Finite Element Tool, leading to an analysis of absorption and power flow. Experimental tests are carried out to analyze cell performance in a real environment. Optical filters are used to validate simulations. Although the knowledge of technologies is different, the results show the CIGS performance is increasingly closer to that of silicon cells.