Bovine breeding began in Peru more than five centuries ago; since then, adaptation has started. Nowadays, Creole cattle are part of economic activities of Peruvian farmers, as they supply food and profits, among other things, for families in Andean region. Creole cattle have many strengths such as resistance to diseases, low nutrient requirements and easy adaptation to different levels of altitude and environmental conditions. However, even with all these attributes, they are not valued within production systems. Moreover, these valuable genetic resources are disappearing gradually in Perú. For this reason, this study aims to characterize the zoometry of Creole cows from the Southern Amazonas region of Peru. Biotype classification was performed by hierarchical cluster and multivariate factors analysis. Qualitative traits were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Duncan’s test (α = 0.05) was used to compare means among groups. Associations between qualitative traits were determined with Chi-square. We distinguished three biotypes of Creole cows with characteristics for meat and milk production. This information is helpful for future conservation programs for Creole cattle.

La mayor parte de la ganadería a nivel mundial se viene desarrollando en sistemas a campo abierto (sca) o monocultivos, la cual genera pérdidas económicas y ambientales, así como erosión de suelos, pérdida de biodiversidad de flora y fauna, baja producción de carne y leche, y menos ingresos monetarios. Frente a esta situación, existen alternativas sostenibles y sustentables de producción pecuaria que son amigables con el medioambiente, como los sistemas silvopastoriles (ssp). Por lo que, en esta revisión, se plantea analizar la sustentabilidad productiva de la instalación de ssp, al hacer un mayor énfasis en la composición florística de parcelas con ssp en Perú y Colombia, como estudio de caso. La revisión de información fue basada en la declaración Prisma, considerando criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se realizaron comparaciones de producción y calidad del pasto, productividad del ganado lechero y de engorde, oportunidades sociales y ambientales y la composición florística de tales ssp. La instalación de ssp incrementa los rendimientos productivos de los pastos (materia seca, digestibilidad y proteína) y de los animales, como mayor producción de leche y carne, y mayor biodiversidad de especies forrajeras. Además, en ambos países se observa que la implementación de estos sistemas ha mejorado las oportunidades para los productores dedicados a la ganadería, por los beneficiosos impactos económicos, ambientales y sociales que estos brindan. En ese sentido, es un reto para los científicos, gobiernos y entidades involucradas en sistemas sostenibles para seguir buscando nuevas alternativas viables y validarlas para la producción ganadera.

This study aimed to quantify the carbon footprint (CF) from Fleckvieh cattle production systems in the Amazon region of Peru. Ten farms distributed across four provinces: Chachapoyas (System I; n = 2), Bongara (System II; n = 4), Rodriguez de Mendoza (System III; n = 2), and Utcubamba (System IV; n = 2) were assessed. Parameters such as average live weight, animal units (AU), dry matter intake, fat and protein-corrected milk (FPCM), digestibility, and protein content of consumed forage were analyzed. CF was calculated using the 2019 Refinement to 2006 IPCC guidelines. The database was analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s statistical test (p < 0.05) to compare the systems. A Pearson correlation was carried out to observe the variables association level. Results revealed a CF of 2.50, 2.70 and 2.65 kg CO₂eq/kg FPCM by biophysical allocation, according to Global Warming Potential 2007, 2014 and 2021, respectively. Enteric methane (82.6%) and nitrous oxide from manure management (17.2%) were the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Positive correlations were found between methane and nitrous oxide emissions whit total FPCM (r = 0.94), total AU (r = 0.99), and low-producing animals (r = 0.96). System I exhibited the lowest enteric methane emissions, suggesting better livestock and feed management. The study highlights the need to optimize herd composition, increase production levels, and reduce low-producing animals to mitigate CF. Additionally, improving forage quality (increasing the digestibility) enhances milk production, securing the economic well-being of smallholder farmers and agricultural sustainability in the Amazon region.

Forage shrubs have the potential to substantially contribute to pasture and increase the milk production of cows in tropical environments. The yield performance of forage shrubs and its effects on the production and chemical composition of milk in Bos indicus and Bos taurus crossbred cows in the tropics of Peru were studied. Fifteen cows were divided into M. alba, L. leucocephala, M. oleifera, and C. argentea treatments and only one of B. brizantha (control). Analysis of variance (p < 0.05) and comparison of means with Tukey’s test were performed. The highest plant height, stem diameter, fresh forage, and dry matter were observed in L. leucocephala and M. oleifera. The highest milk production was observed in cows fed B. brizantha with M. alba, and the highest milk production was in the rainy season. The highest concentration of fat and total solids was observed in milk from cows fed B. brizantha with L. leucocephala. The highest utility was observed in cows fed B. brizantha with M. alba; however, the highest operational profitability was observed in the treatment of only B. brizantha and B. brizantha with L. leucocephala. The use of forage shrubs can contribute to cattle feeding, especially in the dry season when there is a shortage of pastures, and possibly contribute to improving the soil and overcoming climate change.

The objective of the research was to evaluate three synchronization protocols for fixed‐time artificial insemination (FTAI) inBos indicuswithBos tauruscrossbred cows. Forty‐five cows of 5 ± 1.6 years were selected. The Jsynch treatment consisted of the application of an intravaginal device plus benzoate; on day 8, the device was removed and PGF2α, estradiol cypionate plus eCG was applied, and the FTAI was performed at 48–52 hours after. Conventional treatment consisted of the application of an intravaginal device plus benzoate; on day 8, the device was removed and PGF2αplus eCG was injected, and on day 9, estradiol benzoate was administered, and FTAI was performed at 30 hours. The Ovsynch treatment consisted of the application of GnRH, and on day 8, PGF2αwas applied, on day 9, GnRH was applied again, and on day 10, FTAI plus GnRH was applied. The diagnosis of pregnancy was determined by transrectal ultrasound 45 days after the FTAI. The Jsynch (39.1%) and conventional (39.1%) treatment showed higher pregnancy compared to the Ovsynch treatment (21.7%) of pregnancy. The presence of crystalline mucus at the time of the FTAI was significantly associated with pregnancy. The results of this investigation indicate that it is possible to obtain acceptable pregnancy rates with the FTAI inB. indicuswithB. tauruscrossbred milk‐producing cows, and treatments with progesterone‐releasing devices plus eCG can improve the reproductive performance of cows.