Some species of the Orchidaceae family are used in Mexican traditional medicine. However, there are no current and critical compilations of the medicinal uses and pharmacological effects of the members of the Orchidaceae family. This review provides a current, critical, and comprehensive analysis of the traditional medicinal uses, pharmacological reports, and active compounds isolated from Mexican orchids. A total of 62 Mexican orchids with medicinal potential have been recorded, of which 14 have scientific evidence. The remaining 48 plant species have ethnomedicinal information but have not been validated with scientific studies. These orchids are distributed in 14 states of the Mexican Republic, mainly in the southern region of Mexico. The most common pharmacological activities reported are anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, antinociceptive, antioxidant, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, and hallucinogenic activities. It is necessary to increase the number of pharmacological, phytochemical, and toxicological studies with medicinal orchids from Mexico because there are scientific studies on only 22.5% of these species. In further studies, it will be possible to evaluate the pharmacological effects of Mexican orchids in clinical trials. In addition, the mechanisms of action by which plant extracts and their active compounds exert medicinal effects remain to be studied. Plant extracts from orchids and their active compounds show promising antinociceptive and spasmolytic effects, respectively.

Organic vanilla production in Mexico holds significant promise but faces substantial challenges that impact its sustainability and market competitiveness. As the native region of Vanilla planifolia, Mexico is endowed with rich biodiversity and a deep cultural heritage surrounding vanilla cultivation. Organic production systems in the country predominantly rely on traditional agroforestry practices, manual pollination, and artisanal curing methods, all of which enhance the quality and distinctiveness of Mexican vanilla. However, production is hindered by critical factors, including low genetic diversity and susceptibility to phytopathogenic diseases, particularly stem and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum. In recent years, the application of in vitro micropropagation techniques has shown great potential for obtaining pathogen-free plants and conserving germplasm, offering a sustainable alternative to strengthen organic systems and reduce pressure on wild populations. The labor-intensive processes, yield variability, and the complexity of adhering to organic certification standards are additional challenges to overcome. Shifts in consumer preferences toward natural and sustainably produced goods have increased demand for organic vanilla, offering Mexican producers an opportunity to gain a more prominent position in the global market. Advancing research into disease management, fostering genetic conservation, and integrating scientific advances with traditional know-how are vital strategies for overcoming current limitations. In this context, organic vanilla production represents not only an economic opportunity but also a means to conserve biodiversity, support rural communities, and maintain the legacy of one of Mexico’s most emblematic agricultural products. This review was conducted using a qualitative, narrative analysis of recent scientific literature, technical reports, and case studies related to organic vanilla production in Mexico.