In the hot climate of the Mangistau region, located on the eastern coast of the Caspian, there are no sources of freshwater. Of the available groundwater deposits, only three are suitable for drinking water supply. The scarcity is felt in remote areas and coastal areas, where the population uses groundwater.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the resource‐rich countries and is proactively embracing the sustainable development goals (SDGs) via different strategies. The country has also pledged to achieve significant reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases by 2030 relative to 1990 level. One of the key approaches to achieving these goals in this country is the development of renewable energies. The present study provides a comprehensive review of existing reports, data and research on renewable energy in this country by analyzing sources obtained from scientific databases, as well as reports and data from international institutions. The aim is to assess the potential and current status of various energy sources and to identify related opportunities and challenges. Among different sources, wind energy has the most significant potential to be used for power generation. This evidenced by the fact that half of the country's territory has an average wind speed in the range of 4–6 m/s. Solar energy also has acceptable potential for power generation, especially in the southern and central regions of the country with an annual potential in the range of 1300–1800 kWh/m ² . Additionally, other sources of energy possess acceptable potential and could serve both power generation and other purposes, such as heating. Challenges related to the development of these systems can include poor infrastructures, the need for investment and technical issues like grid balance. Overall, renewable energies offer the country promising alternatives to fossil fuels, with a variety of advantages including job creation, environmental protection, enhanced energy security.

The increasing demand for water with the industrialisation of the world is becoming a major problem as there is a water shortage all over the earth. Therefore, the water problem is one of the important problems that needs to be effectively solved. This paper presents the results of research on...

The need for fresh water production is especially high in hot dry climates without any sources of drinking water but with an abundance of sea and underground water. The solution is water desalination with efficient solar-powered water treatment plants. This article proposes a new modification of a basin made of thin-finned corrugation with 43°-angle-inclined sides, equal to the region’s latitude, which provide strong heating. The experiments were carried out in the hot climate of Aktau city (43°49′ N, 51°1′ E). The study’s outcomes can be useful for regions with drinking water scarcity. To define the level of the corrugated basin’s efficiency, two versions (SS-1, SS-2) of experiments were carried out on a two-slope distiller, complete with two basins. In SS-1, basin-2 was heated by air. By 15:00, basin-2 had heated up to 98.5 °C, and the acrylic cover above had heated up to 101.6 °C, which led to its “deformation”. By 12.00 p.m., the temperature differentials between the glass (40.7 °C), the air–water mixture (57.3 °C), and basin-1 (61.1 °C) were 16.6 °C and 20.4 °C. This resulted from the wind speed increasing up to 5.9 m/s. The large temperature differential contributed to the condensate yield increasing from 0.128 kg at 11 o’clock to 0.293 kg at 12 o’clock. The throughput capability of basin-1 per day was equal to 2.094 kg. Basin-2’s input to the performance in SS-1 was only the thermal effect. In SS-2, basin-2 was used as a regular basin. The plexiglass temperature was lower than the temperatures of the water and basin-2. The temperature differential between the glass and air–water mixture at 10:00 a.m. was 20 °C; at 12:00 p.m. it was 30.6 °C; and a value of 30.6 °C was recorded at 3:00 p.m. The thermal differential between the glass and the air-water mixture provided the highest condensate yield of 1.114 kg at 3.00 p.m. The condensate yield from the basins in SS-2 was 8.72 kg, including 3.5 kg from basin-1, which is 1.7 times more than from basin-1 in SS-1. The experimental results are consistent with the equations coming from the models of Clark J.A. and Dunkle R.V. T_condensation ≠ T_evaporation is an irreversible process. When the basins are heated, the heat is consumed; when the glass cools down, the heat is given off. Heat losses are minimized due to the “gap” and positive energy is provided. The still’s throughput capability can be made larger by increasing the basin’s area, reducing the water layer thickness, and regulating the flowrate of the desalinated water.

The dynamics and level of pollution of the wastewater evaporator pond of the bitumen plant were studied in 2018-2019. The chemical composition of the waste water (WW) pond was determined by 8 indicators. The average annual indicators of the studied harmful substances in the water exceeded the permissible level from 1.1 to 21.9 times. At the same time, exceeding standards were registered for substances of 3 and 4 hazard classes: total iron - up to 2.8 times, petroleum products - up to 1.7 times. The content of anionic surface active agents (SAA) in the evaporator pond with an average degree of oxidation was recorded in excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by 2.0 times, 2.13 times, and 2.32 times on average over the years at points 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average values of biochemical oxigen demand/chemical oxigen demand (BOD5/COD) for 2018-2019 were as follows for the studied points of the evaporator pond: at point 1 (water outlet) - 0.215, at point 2 (South-Eastern part) - 0.195, at point 3 in the area of the sand massif - 0.21, and under the condition of BOD5/COD

Universities worldwide face increasing water scarcity and are turning to innovative, low-carbon strategies to manage their water resources. This study provides a global environmental assessment of low-carbon water management and recycling on university campuses by synthesizing 28 case studies from 12 countries. Data collected include treatment technologies (biological, membrane, physicochemical, and hybrid systems), quality indicators (BOD, TSS, TDS), reuse rates, and economic parameters (capital costs and payback periods). Descriptive statistics reveal an average campus recycling rate of 57 % (median 33 %), with biological processes achieving up to 95 % removal of organic pollutants (BOD) but often requiring tertiary treatment to reduce dissolved solids (TDS). Capital expenditures ranged from USD 15 000 to USD 157 000, yielding payback periods of 3–6.5 years. A SWOT analysis highlights key barriers - insufficient TDS removal, regulatory gaps, and social resistance - and opportunities such as growing ESG financing, educational outreach, and autonomous system development. The findings underscore the pivotal role of university campuses as living laboratories for sustainable water strategies, demonstrating that campus-scale recycling contributes to SDG 6 (“Clean Water and Sanitation”) but requires standardized life-cycle assessments and adaptation to local regulatory and climatic contexts. This review underscores the need for robust life-cycle assessments and carbon accounting.