Herein, a novel nanocomposite based on lanthanum zinc ferrite and nickel tungstate was created by incorporation between (MMT-jeffamine-400) nanoparticles (NPs), chloromethyl styrene as a binder and polymethyl methacrylate monomer using solution polymerization. The as-designed nanocomposites were employed to confiscate xylenol orange “X.O” as an acidic dye and rhodamine B “RhB” as “an amphoteric dye” from colored wastewater. The impact of several parameters such as solution pH, initial dye concentration, the effect of time, and the effect of temperature was explored. The consequences indicated that the pure organoclay had negligible adsorption while that composed of organoclay with PMMA@CMS-polymer incorporated with LaZnFe₂O₄@NiWO₄ particles detached more than 90% for xylenol orange (XO) and 93% for “rhodamine B” molecules. Electrostatic interactions are the predominant factor in the adsorption of cationic and amphoteric adsorbates, as proven by zeta-potential measurement. Additionally, the adsorbent may be regenerate and utilized up to five times with good adsorption capabilities by adding sodium hydroxide. As a result, the removal can be effectively accomplished using the nanocomposite as an adsorbent. The actual and theoretical adsorption capacity values for both dyes at all doses were closely matched, which supported the adsorption kinetics data that fit the pseudo-first order rate model well. The adsorption data’s correlation values (0.995 for XO and 0.98 for RhB) indicated that both dyes’ Langmuir adsorption would perform well. Furthermore, the adsorption of XO and RhB dyes on the adsorbent is confirmed to be a viable reaction by the negative values of ΔGo. The enhanced adsorbent material for the removal of amphoteric and anionic dyes from waste water is the synthesized LaZnFe2O4 supported NiWO4@D400-MMT@CMS/MMA nanocomposites, which exhibits a reusability affinity of up to five cycles.

Newly modified magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized for the high-efficiency removal of cadmium ions from aquatic environments. The structure and morphology of the composites were confirmed using FTIR, TGA, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM, SAED pattern analysis, and zeta potential. Under optimal conditions (pH = 6.0, contact time = 120 min, and sorbent dosage = 0.005 g/100 mL), the maximum removal of Cd (II) by synthesized samples MC, SA, and SB was 90.8%, 95%, and 95.15%, respectively. The kinetic data at optimal pH = 6 could be accurately described using a pseudo-second-order equation, while the Langmuir isotherm model best represented the sorption process. The Langmuir Q_max values for the synthesized nanocomposites S*, S3, S4, S*t, S3t, and S4t were 243.90, 250, 270.27, 212.76, 237.09, and 238.09, respectively. The thermodynamic analysis of these samples shows that the sorption process was exothermic (negative ∆H°) − 15.148, − 13.60, − 13.18, − 18.163, − 16.820, and − 16.06 kJmol⁻¹, respectively. This implies that the diffusion of Cd(II) on the sorbent decreased with the temperature rise. The positive values of ΔS⁰ were 152.37, 147.80, 146.83, 160.94, 157.08, and 154.93 kJmol⁻¹, respectively. The antimicrobial properties of the functionalized sorbents SA and SB were evaluated by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, representing Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. SA and SB showed promising activity, demonstrating clear zones of (20 ± 0.2 and 18 ± 0.4 mm), and (22 ± 0.2 and 20 ± 0.4 mm) for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Additionally, these sorbents demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, with the highest scavenging percentages of 94.20% and 96.63%, respectively, at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, as assessed by the DPPH method.

Valorization of lignocellulosic waste into functional carbonaceous materials offers a sustainable approach for removing emerging organic contaminants from water. In this study, sawdust was directly carbonized at 300, 500, and 700 °C and functionalized with ferrocene (0.05–250 wt%) to produce composites for the removal of amoxicillin and Brilliant Blue R-250 under visible/simulated solar irradiation. The materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, UV–visible spectroscopy, optical band-gap analysis, and N ₂ adsorption–desorption. Among the prepared composites, S ₆ (25 wt% ferrocene) exhibited the highest apparent photocatalytic activity toward Brilliant Blue, whereas S ₄ achieved approximately 75–80% removal within 120 min. The degradation kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order Langmuir–Hinshelwood model (R ² > 0.98), indicating surface-mediated photochemical processes. Overall, Ferrocene@AC500 (1:1) and AC300 exhibited the best removal/degradation performance toward the investigated pollutants.

Graphite oxide obtained from the oxidation of sawdust with (0.5 wt%) was immobilized into silica to improve the effectiveness of the silica phase toward depollution. The functional interaction profiles were assessed using XRD and SEM performances. The excess loading of graphite oxide percent encouraged the aggregation of incorporated silica molecules, forming the so-called “colonies”. Such colonies caused marked exfoliation of graphite oxide layers in the as-designed silica @graphite oxide hybrid materials and considerable coalescence of graphite oxide in a silica matrix. The as-designed silica @(0.01) graphite oxide nanocomposites showed pronounced sorption competences for PO₄^-3 (95%), not the same for NO₃^- (72%). Such depollution behavior is governed by the interaction profiles including the incorporated graphite oxide and “silica colonies”. The fitness of the kinetic models was ranked as pseudo-first order. The values of ΔH^o = 0.824 and 3.58, S^o = 0.109 and 0.116, and G^o = -33.45 to -36.7 kJ/mole for phosphate and nitrate, respectively. The estimated data point to endothermic, spontaneous adsorption in nature.