Cervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema is defined as the abnormal introduction of air in the subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck. It is mainly caused by trauma, head and neck surgery, general anesthesia, and coughing or habitual performance of Valsalva manoeuvre. The occurrence of subcutaneous emphysema after dental treatment is rare, and diffusion of gas into the mediastinum is much rarer, especially when the procedure is a nonsurgical treatment. Presented here is a case of subcutaneous emphysema that occurred after sodium hypochlorite irrigation during endodontic treatment, and the description of its etiologies and prevention during nonsurgical endodontic treatment. Endodontic success can be essentially achieved via good debridement of a root canal, and an ideal endodontic irrigant is effective in removing the smear layer, opening the dentinal tubules, and producing a clean surface for closer obturation. A 60-years-old woman had an abnormal swelling and pain during an endodontic treatment accompanied by her dentist to the emergency room and was referred to our observation for complaining of severe pain, ecchymosis and severe swelling on the left side of her face. The aforementioned symptoms appeared after sodium hypochlorite irrigation and aggressive use of air spray for drying the root canal during the endodontic treatment of the upper left lateral incisor. An extrusion during an inappropriate endodontic treatment may occasionally be reported and can cause tissue damage. NaOCl is one of the best and most commonly used irrigating solutions because of its efficacy, but it can also negatively affect the periapical tissues. Determining the correct working length, even when performing an intraoperative periapical radiograph and confirming the root canal integrity, could help avoid these kinds of accidents.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are considered relatively safe, thus tobacco and nicotine delivery products have become popular in the last few years. However, the safety of long-term use of these products on oral health is still questionable. E-cigarettes may have potential risks to oral health that can be demonstrated as cellular damage, genetic instability, and mucosal lesions. This review aims to observe the role of e-cigarettes as a risk factor for oral cancer development. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines to provide reliable data on the role of electronic cigarettes as a risk factor for oral cancer development. The research was performed on Pubmed and Scopus by three reviewers from the Oral Pathology Department (Sapienza University of Rome) in May 2024. The search terms included: "e-cigarette", "oral cancer", and "risk factor" where 32 articles from PubMed and 75 from Scopus were collected. A total of 12 studies met the eligibility criteria: 6 clinical studies and 6 in vitro. All the included studies were subjected to quality assessment and data extraction processes. The risk of bias assessment of in vitro studies revealed low or unknown risk. None of the studies had any industrial sponsoring and almost all the papers (90%) had the same methods, 64% measured the cell vitality. The qualitative analysis was done for all the included clinical studies using the RoB assessment tool (MINORS). The range of the total RoB score in the comparative studies was between 12 and 23. The clinical studies involved a total of 413 participants were also included. Most studies did not specify the age and gender of participants and patients were divided into three main groups based on specific criteria: non-smokers, smokers, and e-cigarette users. These studies highlighted cases of mucosal lesions and genetic instability associated with e-cigarette use. However, the limited long-term data and conflicting results emphasize the need for a larger number of studies, such as randomized controlled trials and cohort studies, to acquire more data about the safety and risks associated with e-cigarettes. Key words:E-cigarettes, squamous cell carcinoma, oral oncology, smoking.

Venous malformation (VM) originates from a congenital venous network disorder, configuring about 40% of the vascular anomalies that occur in the head and neck region. The usage of diode lasers in the treatment of VM is associated with various advantages, such as short operating time and few postoperative complications. Nevertheless, for larger and deeper VM treatment, it may require more than one session for the complete resolution of the lesion. Laser surgery for oral VM may induce heat accumulation due to excessive irradiation causing adverse events postoperatively, including pain and ulcer formation with scarring. In this clinical case, it was recommended to use the leopard technique (LT) to reduce the lesion size, evaluate the remaining unhealed lesion, and apply different laser techniques to obtain the complete resolution of the lesion.

Background/Objectives: Modern restorative dentistry increasingly focuses on achieving optimal aesthetic integration while simplifying clinical procedures. Single-shade resin composites were introduced to reduce the complexity of conventional multi-shade layering techniques through enhanced color adjustment potential and structural color technology. However, concerns remain regarding their long-term color stability. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the color stability and aesthetic performance of single-shade resin composites compared with conventional multi-shade systems under different staining and aging conditions. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in the Open Science Framework. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library up to 31 October 2025. Studies evaluating color stability using the CIEDE2000 (ΔE₀₀) formula after staining and aging procedures were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoBDEMAT tool. Results: The search identified 169 records, of which 11 in vitro studies met the inclusion criteria. Across the included studies, discoloration increased progressively over time, and chromogenic agents frequently induced ΔE₀₀ values exceeding clinical acceptability thresholds. Turmeric and red wine demonstrated the highest staining potential, whereas distilled water and artificial saliva showed minimal color variation. Single-shade composites generally exhibited greater susceptibility to discoloration than multi-shade systems, although variability among materials was observed depending on composition and experimental conditions. Conclusions: Single-shade resin composites simplify restorative procedures and provide initial aesthetic integration; however, they appear more susceptible to clinically relevant discoloration under experimental conditions. Further clinical and in vitro investigations are required to confirm these findings.