The new space movement has seen a rise since the last decade, thanks to CubeSats, which are affordable with fast development times and ease of deployment. One of the major subsystems in a CubeSat is the Electrical Power System (EPS), which generates, stores, and distributes electrical power to various subsystems of CubeSats. The first step in ensuring a productive CubeSat mission is to choose an efficient EPS design. This article’s primary goal is to provide a comprehensive review of all traditional and evolving CubeSat EPS systems. EPS designs have been divided into four types, and the operational elements of these architectures as well as a qualitative comparison have been provided. In addition, in this comprehensive review, CubeSat’s EPS is presented with some prospective research areas for future research work and invention.

This paper introduces a novel code called two dimensional Pascal’s triangle zero cross correlation (2D-PTZCC) for spectral/spatial coding with its structure of the corresponding system to implement in spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) systems The novel code is derived from a one dimensional zero cross correlation (1D-ZCC) code using Pascal’s triangle rule. The analytical results prove that the proposed code has totally removed the multiple access interference (MAI), in addition the phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) influence is highly reduced due to the zero cross correlation (ZCC) property. Comparing with the recent developed two-dimensional codes like 2D multi diagonal (2D-MD), 2D dynamic cyclic shift (2D-DCS), 2D diluted perfect difference (2D-DPD) and 2D perfect difference (2D-PD) codes for the same code length. The results of simulation show that the suggested code improve the system capacity and increase the number of simultaneous users reaches 29 % and 64 % comparing to 2D-DPD and 2D-PD codes, respectively. As well, it supplies higher signal power and data bit rates whereas it saves effective source power around −0.81dBm for 2D-DCS and 2D-DPD codes and consumes minor light spectral width. The passage from 1D to 2D ameliorated 1.68 times the system capacity and saved around − 4.27 d B m $ - 4.27{\rm{ dBm}}$ the effective power for each user.

In this paper, a novel zero cross correlation (ZCC) code is proposed for spectral amplitude coding-optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) systems. The code construction method starts from the identity matrix and has several benefits summarized in both the code simplicity and flexibility. The proposed code presents also an adapted (or accepted) code length for SAC-OCDMA systems and a high SNR value that reaches respectively 3.18 and 1.84 times of the system capacity comparing to other existed codes such as modified quadratic congruence (MQC) and modified double weight (MDW) codes.