Background: Decarbonisation of the European economy is one of the main strategic goals of energy transition in the European Union (EU), which aims to become a leader in this process by 2050 and to include other European countries making thus the European continent the first carbon neutral region in the world. Although decarbonisation is an important goal of the EU, the models for monitoring the progress of this process have not yet been clearly defined, and views on the social, economic, and security implications in terms of prioritising decarbonisation are conflicting. The main objective of this paper is to determine the methodological correctness of the existing method of decarbonisation monitoring, to develop a new monitoring model indicating the differences in the EU and European countries that are non-EU and to point out the underlying social, economic and security implications that must certainly find their place in the decision-making process in this field. Results: The main results showed that there is no clearly defined model for monitoring the success of decarbonisation, while the indicators that are commonly used for this purpose make a model that, as the analysis shows—is methodologically incorrect. In the case of EU countries, the following indicators proved to be the most reliable: consumption-based CO₂ and share in global CO₂. For non-EU countries, the best monitoring indicators are CO₂ per unit of GDP, consumption-based CO₂, and renewable energy consumption. These indicators can explain 99% of the variance in decarbonisation success. Conclusions: The basic conclusion of the paper is that even before the implementation, the decarbonisation monitoring model should be defined and methodologically tested, and the use of a single model for all EU countries or for all countries is not recommended. It is proposed to simplify the monitoring model, with an emphasis on monitoring of consumption-based CO₂, which proved to be the most efficient in all sampled countries. The current method of monitoring is based exclusively on environmentally related indicators while ignoring the fact that decarbonisation is associated with almost all aspects of development. The additional social, economic and security aspects need to be developed and included in the further monitoring process.

Growing environmental problems and increasing requirements of green jobs force universities around the world not only to transform their curricula but also to enrich existing ones with contents related to the promotion of sustainable development. This paper aims to show the importance of measuring and monitoring the share of green contents in all university activities, as only in that way it is possible to monitor trends and give realistic assessments of their effect and importance. The paper presents a comparative analysis of different types of methodologies for assessing sustainable activities at universities as well as research conducted at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and its comparison with the University of Gothenburg (Sweden). This research aims to point out the importance of increasing competitiveness in higher education through assessment of green content in a curriculum and its promotion. In this way, through eco-labeling methodology, it would be easier to identify those contents that, in a certain share, contribute to the promotion of sustainable development. Furthermore, this methodology can easily be extended across the country and the region, which would bring positive effects to all stakeholders in higher education.

Background: The study background is based on the fact that The Recovery Plan for Europe envisages investing 30% of the huge budget in climate change, with the goal of zero gas emission by 2050. This ambitious plan will require (for now indefinitely) investments in research and innovation. The study’s main objective is to check and analyze the existing and propose a new model of effective investments in eco-innovation. This will contribute to effective long-term investment policy, climate change impact, and mitigation of consequences. Methods: The basic methodological tools for solving the problems discussed in this study were correlation analysis, regression analysis, and paired sample t-test. All calculations were performed in the SPSS 20 statistical software. Time series data of the selected indicators were obtained from the European Innovation Scoreboard 2020. The database used to collect the data for the EU member countries and selected third countries for the analysis is the European Innovation Scoreboard 2020. To avoid sample selection bias, the authors considered all of the available data for all the member countries and selected third countries in the European Innovation Scoreboard 2020 for the 2012 to 2019 period. Results: The study results show the path developing countries should follow in directing their inevitable and increasing eco-innovation investments, taking into account the arguments of structural differences in financing Research and Development (R&D). The authors’ findings support the thesis that investments in R&D is low in developing countries, while in developed EU countries, there are more investments in R&D from the business sector for the 2012–2019 period. Conclusions: Study conclusions are summarized as a proposal of the appropriate R&D financing model approach to developing countries with a greater share of eco-innovation and self-sustainable R&D financing for climate preserving products. This study is important as it provides new evidence on financing R&D investments in innovation leader countries and emerging innovator countries according to Summary Innovation Index.

Agriculture as a crucial economic sector has changed rapidly in the last few decades, more than in previous centuries, because of technological achievements that opened a niche in the international agricultural sector known as digital agriculture. The conception of digital agriculture in practice and consequences on agricultural productivity is a way to response to significant climate changes. The evaluation of the current circumstances is made through the cases of digital agricultural companies in Vojvodina which could help and enhance regional economic growth. This study has utilized a case study method to evaluate the present conditions of digital agriculture appliances in Vojvodina. The results of the research will be a case study analysis of the companies using and developing digital agriculture technologies in the agricultural sector, as well as the presentation of potentials in this niche - digital agricultural sector in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The authors of the paper consider the suggested model in this sector a vehicle that could run not only the economic growth in Vojvodina and Serbia, but also the regional economic growth.

Spiral innovation models challenge the technological and economic determinism inherent in linear "science and technology push" and "demand pull" frameworks that explain the primary drivers of innovation. These models posit that innovation is a multifaceted phenomenon, shaped by socio-economic contexts and cultural-historical legacies. The Quadruple Helix model extends the foundational Triple Helix by integrating civil society as a fourth dimension alongside academia, industry, and government. This expanded model emphasizes the interplay between these actors and civil society in shaping demands for innovative solutions in products and services. Civil society, as a multi-layered concept, encompasses media, culture, social values, lifestyles, art, and democratic principles. This paper critically examines the role of the culture- and media-based public and the inherently ambivalent nature of civil society within the Quadruple Helix model. By exploring their influence on the commercialization of knowledge into innovation, the analysis underscores the theoretical and practical implications of this extended framework.

The Phillips curve has evolved into a systematic instrument that elaborates on macroeconomic analysis, showing the relationship between unemployment and inflation, illustrating the trade-off between achieving full capacity engagement and maintaining price stability. The New Keynesian Phillips curve presumes that expectations of inflation are neither adaptive nor rational, as posited in Lucas's theory. Consequently, a New Keynesian Phillips curve has emerged, distinct from the curve modeled by Phelps and Friedman. In 2023, inflation in the Republic of Serbia (Serbia) peaked at 16.2% in March, gradually declining to 10.2% by September, aided by reduced pressure from food prices. Projected inflation is expected to decelerate further by the end of 2023 and into the following year, influenced by effects and tighter financing conditions. While some increases in 2023 are evident, approximate yearly inflation is expected to be in single digits in 2024, returning within the central bank's target in two years. This paper will present the New Keynesian Phillips curve in the Republic of Serbia (Serbia), as well as macroeconomic predictions for the country.