4D printing technology combines additive manufacturing with materials that can change shape or properties over time, enabling objects to self-assemble, self-repair, and adapt to their environment. It has potential applications in robotics, autonomous systems, energy and environmental systems, and smart materials for energy storage and distribution. The text discusses the potential of 4D printing technology and its role in shaping the future of wearable technology, robotics, energy, transportation, and fashion industries. It looks at future applications of 4D printing in fashion and design, such as dynamic and customizable clothing and accessories, shape-changing jewelry and wearable art, responsive and interactive fashion shows and events, and sustainable and adaptive fashion manufacturing processes. It emphasizes the importance of continued research and development to unlock the full potential of 4D printing and its transformative impact on various industries.

In recent years, significant advances in the field of medical materials have begun to emerge, especially in nanotechnology. The modern area of nanostructured implants possesses wide applications in various medical implants including their dental use. Nano-surface functions present substantial resolutions to medical obstacles through improved biomaterial proficiency, innovative dental-implant designs, and surface design procedures, such as nanoscale adhesive surfaces, bio-chemical anodization, and surface modification technique. This work covers dental implant history, nanotechnological advances, and its development that includes a description, basic properties, and the related results of composites and surface morphology, and the different types of nanomaterials used in dental implants. Significant attempts have been made over the last few decades to strengthen osteointegration and prevent bacterial attachment to the implant surfaces. The micro and nano-topography of the hierarchical surface orchestrate the biological reactions of implants and may solve the problems associated with implant-tissue issues. This research investigates the implant articles from 1964 to 2021, which offers a brief description of the nanostructured biomaterials to enhance dental implants’ performance and may open new frontiers in the advancement of implant technology.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are types of materials that can restore their original shape upon severe or quasi-plastic deformation, being exposed to specific external stimuli, including heating, electric current, magnetic field, etc. They are a category of functional materials that provides superelasticity as a significant material property. The roots of this unintentional discovery were in the 20th century, and later it attracted the attention of various industries, including aerospace, medical, mechanical, manufacturing industries, etc. Later developments mainly focused on improving the properties of these materials. One of the ways in which this is achieved is the application of intensive plastic strains on SMAs through severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods, leading to extreme grain refinement. Superelasticity is a key characteristic of SMAs and is known as the capacity of a polycrystalline material to display extremely high elongations before failure, in a typically isotropic way, with an approximate strain rate of 0.5. Utilization of SPD techniques can also affect and lead to superior superelasticity responses in SMAs. Several SPD methodologies have been introduced over the decades, to produce ultrafine-grained and even nanostructured materials, including constrained groove pressing, equal-channel angular pressing, high-speed high-pressure torsion, accumulative roll bonding, etc. This paper aims to present a clear view of the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of shape memory alloys after processing by some SPD methods, and to show that SPD methods can be a great option for developing SMAs and expanding their industrial and technological applications.