This dataset contains anonymised human lung computed tomography (CT) scans with COVID-19 related findings, as well as without such findings. A small subset of studies has been annotated with binary pixel masks depicting regions of interests (ground-glass opacifications and consolidations). CT scans were obtained between 1st of March, 2020 and 25th of April, 2020, and provided by municipal hospitals in Moscow, Russia. Permanent link: https://mosmed.ai/datasets/covid19_1110 . This dataset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0) License.

With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic decreasing availability of polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription and the snowballing growth of medical imaging, especially the number of chest computed tomography (CT) scans being performed, methods to augment and automate the image analysis, increasing productivity and minimizing human error are of particular importance. The creation of high-quality datasets is essential for the development and validation of artificial intelligence algorithms. Such technologies have sufficient accuracy in diagnosing COVID-19 in medical imaging. The presented large-scale dataset contains anonymized human CT scans with COVID-19 features as well as normal studies. Some studies were tagged by radiologists using binary pixel masks of regions of interest (e.g., characteristic areas of consolidation and ground-glass opacities). CT data were acquired between March 1, 2020, and April 25, 2020, and provided by municipal hospitals in Moscow, Russia. The presented dataset is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0).

Our understanding of the aging changes involving the cranium and its impact on the overlying soft tissues is limited. This study was designed to look at the changes that occur in the cranium with aging and to propose an additional mechanism for loss of support for overlying soft tissues. One hundred and fifty-seven white individuals (10 males and 10 females in each decade: 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, 80-89 years, and 8 males and 9 females aged 90-98 years) were investigated. Computed tomographic (CT) multiplanar scans with standardized measurements of cranial thickness were performed for the frontal bone, nasion, vertex, pterion, lambda, calvarial and midfacial height, and sagittal and transverse diameter. Increasing age correlated with a decrease in sagittal diameter in both males (r_p = -0.201) and females (r_p = -0.055) but with an increase in transverse diameter in both males (r_p = 0.233) and females (r_p = 0.207). Frontal bone thickness decreased in males -1.57mm/-18.14%, whereas it increased slightly in females +0.26mm/+3.04%. At the pterion, bone thickness increased significantly in both genders. Calvarial volume decreased with increased age in both males and females: -70.2 ml/-5.35% and -61.4 ml/-5.10%, respectively. The lateral expansion of the skull may favor a skeletonized appearance of the face in elderly individuals. The computed volume of the calvaria decreased with advancing age in both genders, providing an additional element in the multifactorial model for facial soft-tissue laxity.

Age-related changes of the frontal bone in both males and females have received limited attention, although understanding these changes is crucial to developing the best surgical and nonsurgical treatment plans for this area. To investigate age-related and gender-related changes of the forehead. Cranial computed tomographic images from 157 Caucasian individuals were investigated (10 males and 10 females from each of the following decades: 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, 80-89 years, and of 8 males and 9 females aged 90-98 years). Frontal bone thickness and forehead distance measurements were carried out to analyze age and gender differences. With increasing age, the size of a male forehead reduces until no significant differences to a female forehead is present at old age (P = 0.307). The thickness of the frontal bone of the lower forehead (≤4 cm cranial to the nasal root) increased slightly in both genders with increasing age. In the upper forehead (≥4 cm cranial to the nasal root), frontal bone thickness decreased significantly (P = 0.002) in males but showed no statistically significant change in thickness in females (P = 0.165). The shape of the frontal bone varies in young individuals of different genders and undergoes complex changes with age because of bone remodeling. Understanding these bony changes, in addition to those in the soft tissues, helps physicians choose the best surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for the forehead.

Background: Information on the onset and gender differences of midfacial skeletal changes, including the complete understanding of the theory behind the clockwise rotational theory, remains elusive. Methods: One hundred fifty-seven Caucasian individuals (10 men and 10 women aged 20 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, 70 to 79 years, and 80 to 89 years, and eight men and nine women aged 90 to 98 years) were investigated. Multiplanar computed tomographic scans with standardized angle and distance measurements in all three anatomical axes and in alignment to the sella-nasion (horizontal) line were conducted. Results: Both men and women displayed an increase in orbital floor angle (p < 0.001, maximum at 60 to 69 years), decrease in maxillary angle (p = 0.035, 40 to 49 years), increase in palate angle (p < 0.001, 50 to 59 years), increase in vomer angle (p = 0.022, 30 to 39 years), but a decrease in the pterygoid angle (p = 0.002, 80 to 89 years). Orbital width decreased (p < 0.001, 60 to 69 years), pyriform aperture width increased (p = 0.015, 60 to 69 years), and midfacial height decreased with aging (p < 0.001, 60 to 69 years). Conclusions: Age-related changes of the midfacial skeleton occurred independently of gender, but at various time points in different locations. The observed changes seem to be driven by a bone resorption center located in the posterior maxilla, rather than by a rotational movement of the facial skeleton.

The objective: to predict lethal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 based on the result of chest computed tomography (chest CT) using a semi-quantitative visual scale of the pulmonary parenchyma lesion.Subjects and methods. Inclusion criteria: patients who underwent chest CT from March 2 to May 1, 2020, inclusively, upon referral of a general practitioner due to suspected community-acquired pneumonia caused by COVID-19. Chest CT was performed in 48 medical organizations providing primary medical care to the adult population in Moscow. Exclusion criteria: patients whose chest CT was not assessed by CT 0-4 score; patients who were not confirmed as COVID-19 positive.In the Russian Federation, CT 0-4 score is recommended to be used for assessment of the extent of lung parenchyma lesion in cases with suspected COVID-19.Data on fatal outcomes were received on May 4, 2020 inclusive.Results: data of 13,003 patients from the Unified Radiological Information Service were retrospectively included in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The test aimed to detect a trend of directional changes in the proportion of deceased patients among various categories using CT 0-4 score demonstrated a statistically significant result (p < 0.0001). The chance of a lethal outcome increases directionally from CT-0 to CT-4. The test for deviations from the linear trend also provided p < 0.0001, i.e. when moving to higher scores (CT-3 and CT-4), there was an accelerated increase in the risk of death. Analysis of overall survival using the Cox regression model showed that the assessed factors (age and CT 0-4 score) were statistically significantly associated with the time to death from COVID-19 (p < 0.05). The risk of death increased with age, on average, 8.6% for every 5 years (95% CI 0.8-17.0%). When transferring from one category of CT to the next one, the risk increased by 38% on the average (95% CI 17.1-62.6%). There was no statistically significant association of gender factor with overall survival (p = 0.408).The visual score of CT 0-4 recommended for use in the Russian Federation to assess lung parenchyma lesions according to chest CT data, is a predictor of a lethal outcome in patients with COVID-19. CT 0-4 score is convenient for practical use.