An aggressive impact of the formed ice on the surface of man-made objects can ultimately lead to serious consequences in their work. When icing occurs, the quality and characteristics of equipment, instruments, and building structures deteriorate, which affects the durability of their use. Delays in the adoption of measures against icing endanger the safety of air travel and road traffic. Various methods have been developed to combat de-icing, such as mechanical de-icing, the use of salts, the application of a hydrophobic coating to the surfaces, ultrasonic treatment and electric heating. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the field of anti-icing and analyze the role of various additives and their operating mechanisms.

For the first time, thermally stimulated luminescence spectra in the region of high-temperature peaks (up to 770 K) have been measured in NaCl:Li and KCl:Na single crystals (with impurity cations of small ionic radii) exposed to isodose irradiation by X-rays irradiated uniformly. Comparative analysis of these spectra with the spectra of X-ray and tunnel luminescence of the same crystals showed that the luminescence associated with exciton-like formations near impurity cations dominates in all three cases. The formation mechanisms of such bound excitons during a thermal dissociation of complex radiation defects are considered. Integral light sums of high-temperature TSL in NaCl:Li and KCl:Na crystals are significantly higher than that of a standard LiF:Mg, Ti dosimetric crystal (a TLD-100 luminescent dosimeter).

This study investigates the radiative relaxation of electronic excitations through luminescence spectroscopy techniques applied to high-purity KBr crystals subjected to low-temperature (85 K) uniaxial deformation along the and crystallographic directions. Results demonstrate that the most significant enhancement in the intensity of σ-(4.42 eV) and π-(2.3 eV) luminescence from self-trapped excitons in KBr crystals occurs with elastic deformation along the direction, aligning with the axis of the hole component of the anion self-trapped exciton. Deformation-induced changes in X-ray, tunneling, and thermally stimulated luminescence spectra reveal a new band, denoted as E_x, peaking at approximately 3.58 eV, attributed to tunneling charge exchange between the F’- and V_K-centers in their ground state.

This study delves into the investigation of the nature of high-temperature peaks observed in the thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) of X-irradiated crystals of NaCl and NaCl-Li in a broad temperature range from 300 to 800 K. The research was conducted using the thermoluminescent dosimetric apparatus Harshaw 3500 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analysis revealed high-temperature TSL peaks categorized as Type I (360÷400К) and Type II (495÷620К), which are attributed to the thermal degradation of halogen defects, specifically - and -centers, respectively. In NaCl-Li crystals, an experimental effect of increased light yield from Type II TSL peaks was observed. It intensifies with an increase in lithium concentration, and at lithium concentrations of 400 ppm intensity growth reaches two orders of magnitude higher (105→107) compared to pure NaCl crystals. The intense Type II TSL peaks (535÷570К) correlate with the increase in lithium concentration and the high-temperature incorporation of lithium into the NaCl-Li lattice. They serve as experimental evidence showcasing the efficiency of electron excitations decaying into radiation defects in the field of lithium ions under X-ray radiation exposure.

The mechanisms governing the formation of luminescence yield involving the isoelectronic lithium ion in NaCl:Li crystals were investigated using thermally stimulated, luminescence and absorption spectroscopy, along with the temperature dependence of vacancy jump frequency. It was established that the presence of the light lithium ion (Li⁺) in NaCl:Li crystals enhances the efficiency of radiation defect formation compared to pure NaCl crystals. This effect manifests itself in the appearance of high-temperature thermally stimulated luminescence peaks in the temperature region of 570 K, as well as in the absorption spectra of polyhalide complexes ((Cl₂)₂) with a maximum at 5.8 eV. High-temperature TSL peaks (395 K and 570 K) with a maximum at 3.4 eV were newly observed in NaCl:Li crystals, coinciding with the spectra of x-ray luminescence (XRL) and tunneling luminescence (TL). The spectral identity of TSL, XRL, and TL in NaCl:Li crystals, characterized by a single luminescence band with a maximum at 3.4 eV, allows its nature to be interpreted as the radiative relaxation of an exciton-like formation localized in the field of the light Li⁺ impurity ion. Calculations of the temperature dependence of anion ν( υ a + ) and cation ν( υ c − ) vacancy jump frequencies indicate that the thermal dissociation of radiation-induced polyhalide defects ( Cl 3 – and (Cl₂)₂) in NaCl:Li crystals predominantly occurs due to the mobility of cation vacancies, because at 555 K, ν( υ c − ) = 46 × ν( υ a + ). As a result of the thermal decomposition of Cl 3 – - and (Cl₂)₂-centers in NaCl:Li crystals, a flux of non-relaxed holes (h) is generated. Upon their recombination with electrons (e) in the field of the Li⁺ ion, exciton-like luminescence e SL 0 (Li + ) is formed.