The study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in southern Kazakhstan. A total of 965 adults, ages 20–74 y, participated in a cross-sectional study. MetS was defined using National Education Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP), American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Social variations in the prevalence of components of MetS were assessed using Poisson regression. Among women, the prevalence of MetS was 17.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.7–21.1), 25.8% (95% CI 22.5–29.1) and 21.8% (95% CI 18.5–25.2) for the NCEP, AHA and IDF criteria, respectively (European standard population). The corresponding data for men were 15.3% (95% CI 10.7–19.9), 26.6% (95% CI 21.2–32.9) and 23.9% (95% CI 18.6–29.2). Abdominal obesity was the most prevalent component of MetS among women (74.3%), followed by hyperglycaemia (26.5%) and diastolic hypertension (25.5%), while for men the three most common components were abdominal obesity (70.7%), systolic hypertension (44.4%) and diastolic hypertension (40.0%). Secondary education was associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity in both men (1.3 [95% CI 1.0–1.6]) and women (1.2 [95% CI 1.1–1.4]). Unmarried men were less likely to be obese (odds ratio 0.5 [95% CI 0.3–0.9]). The distribution of components of MetS in southern Kazakhstan is different from other parts of the European World Health Organization region and varies across genders.

The aim of the study was to assess survival of patients with isolated and combined disorders of circulatory system and diabetes mellitus in Turkestan region, Southern Kazakhstan. Altogether, 1 143 randomly selected individuals comprised a cohort, which was followed up from 2003 through 2015. Data on diagnosis, age, gender, body mass index, smoking and alcohol consumption were collected by trained medical interviewers. Bivariate comparisons of survival between groups with no cardiovascular diseases and groups with isolated and combined disorders were performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Independent associations between the studied factors and overall mortality as well as mortality from cardiovascular causes were assessed using Cox regression. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). The overall mortality in the cohort was 145 per 1 000 with cardiovascular causes accounting for 49 % of deaths during the study period. The risk of death from any cause was increased for individuals who had arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (HR = 4.6, 95 % CI: 1.4-15.3) and combined arterial hypertension, cardiac ischemia and diabetes mellitus (HR = 7.0, 95 % CI: 2.1-26.1) in fully adjusted Cox regression model. The risk of cardiovascular death was increased among patients with isolated cardiac ischemia (HR = 2.7, 95 % CI: 1.1-6.8) and among those with combined arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (HR = 8.7, 95 % CI: 2.5-30.4) adjusted for gender, age, smoke, alcohol consumption and body mass index. Combined disorders of circulatory system and diabetes mellitus considerably increase the risk of death in Turkestan region, Southern Kazakhstan warranting urgent need for evidence-based treatment of comorbidities and development of preventive programs.

Currently, there is uncertainty about the ideal treatment for recovery and a personalized approach to the management of patients with terminal renal failure.Therefore, a systematic review was conducted over the past 10 years.Network meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCTS), which compared the prevalence of chronic renal failure (CRF), according to various literature data. AccordingtoWHOitisfrom 50 to 250 peopleper 1 millionpopulationperyear.Active therapy for terminal CRF (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, kidney transplantation) is received in Western Europe by 500-600 patients, in the USA and Japan - 1000-1200 patients, while in Kazakhstan-about 100 patients per 1 million population per year. The ten-year probability of survival of patients with terminal CRF in active therapy exceeds 50%, excluding patients with diabetes mellitus.Arterial hypertension remains the most frequent symptom, largely determining the prognosis of patients with CRF. Ten-year survival of patients with CRF in combination with hypertension in hemodialysis is lower than in normotensive patients by 30-50%. Successfully performed a kidney transplant can eliminate the symptoms of chronic renal failure. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 03 July’24 Page : 851-863

Relevance: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of female death and the third most common female cancer worldwide. The purpose of the study was to determine risk factors and time to progression and recurrence in patients with cervical cancer after complex treatment (neoadjuvant chemotherapy + radical hysterectomy + combined radiation therapy). Materials and methods: This retrospective study involved female patients with stage IB-IIA cervical cancer registered at Shymkent city oncological dispensary in 2011-2021 (n=883). All patients underwent radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection. The patients were selected who underwent radiation therapy of the lower pelvis at a dose of ≥40 g. The age-, stage-, and tumor morphological structure-dependent survival factors and recurrence risk were analyzed during the research decade. Results: Direct correlation of the disease stage and the recurrence period was established. The progression was most often 5 to 6 months after treatment. 68.7% of progression and 63.1% of recurrences occurred in the first year and a half after the end of treatment, so this period is considered the most “dangerous” regarding the recurrence risk. 5.3% of patients had a recurrence 19 to 24 months after treatment, 31.5% – after more than two years. Conclusions: In this research, cervical cancer progressed in 74 (10.6%) out of 883 women and recurred in 19 (3.0%). The recurrence was most frequent in women aged 45-50 years (28.4%) and 50-60 years (26.3%).

The persistent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 necessitates novel antiviral strategies. This study evaluated the anti-HIV prodrugs tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) for repurposing against SARS-CoV-2, assessing key pharmacological indices (CC₅₀, EC₅₀, cytostatic effect, and therapeutic window). In vitro screening in Vero E6 cells measured cytotoxicity (via CCK-8/MTT assays) and antiviral activity against Kazakh B.1 and Wuhan strains. TDF (50 µg/mL) reduced high viral loads (MOI 2) by ~2 log₁₀ (100% inhibition), with minimal cytotoxicity (≥75% viability). TAF achieved near-complete suppression (100% inhibition) at 50 µg/mL, exhibiting dose-dependent inhibition (68–100%) at lower viral loads (MOI 0.01). Both prodrugs showed enhanced antiviral activity with prolonged exposure (96 h). Synergy assessments demonstrated favourable combination indices (CI < 1). Electron microscopy confirmed virion integrity post-treatment. These findings highlight TDF and TAF as promising candidates against SARS-CoV-2, with particular potential for targeting lymphoid reservoirs—sites implicated in persistent viral reservoirs that may contribute to long COVID pathogenesis. Further clinical validation is warranted.

Relevance: Ovarian preservation in young women with early-stage endometrial cancer after surgical treatment has been conventionally associated with complications. Nevertheless, recent randomized studies suggest a different perspective. The study aimed to clarify the occurrence of complications, in particular relapses, associated with ovarian preservation in young women after hormonal and surgical treatment for early-stage endometrial cancer. Methods: The analysis included articles published in full text over the past 10 years. We identified relevant observations from studies using a comprehensive search in the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The search strategy included terms related to endometrial cancer: premenopausal, young woman, endometrial cancer, ovarian conservation. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Results: A total of 178 articles were studied, of which 111 articles (literature reviews and meta-analyses) (62%) described the cases of ovarian preservation. Of these, 84 were excluded for various reasons; 29 eligible articles were included in this analysis. Notably, factors such as younger age (P<0.0001), later year of diagnosis (P=0.03), residence in Central and Southern Europe and the United States (P=0.02), and lower-grade tumors in Asian countries (P<0.002) correlated with the desire of women to preserve their ovaries. The conducted literature review showed that ovarian preservation did not significantly affect cancer-specific survival (risk ratio (HR) =0.78, 95% CI 0.17-2.74) or overall survival (HR=0.78, 95% CI 0.24-1.75). This study’s results remained practically unchanged even after excluding women after radiation and hormone therapy. Conclusion: This literature review revealed no statistically significant difference in relapse-free survival between patients after ovarian preservation at stage IA and partially at stage II com-pared to those after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.