Justification Given the large number of reports on the peculiarities of liver lesions during the Sars-Cov-2 infection [1], a team of experts who participated in the 23rd Congress of the Scientific Society of Gastroenterologists of Russia and 15 National Congress of Therapists of November 19, 2020 decided to make additions to the Russian Consensus of “Hyperammonemia in Adults” published early 2020 [2, 3].

Aim. To estimate the diagnostic and informative value of clinical and laboratory parameters in the development and progression of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to enhance efficiency of their treatment. Subjects and methods. An open-label case-control study included 77 patients with NAFLD. Clinical and laboratory examinations were done. To search for additional noninvasive fibrosis markers, the investigators studied the serum concentrations of insulin, leptin, adiponectin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitors, such as tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. All the patients underwent elastometry to assess the degree of liver fibrosis with the Metavir scale with the use of a Fibroscan machine. Results. The serum levels of low-density lipoproteins, glucose, MMP-9, and leptin proved to be most informative in assessing the progression of the initial stages (1-2) of fibrosis, as were the increased liver size detected by physical examination, systolic blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolic disorders, alanine/aspartate aminotransferase levels, waist-to-hip ratio, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in evaluating the progression of Stage II fibrosis 2 to Stage 3. Conclusion. The clinical and laboratory parameters can serve as reliable noninvasive markers that reflect the progression of fibrotic changes in liver tissue.

Aim: to assess the effectiveness of mebeverine 200 mg BID in patients with post-cholecystectomy gastrointestinal spasm not requiring surgical treatment. Materials and methods. 218 patients were included in 16 clinical centers in 14 cities in Russia. All patients had post-cholecystectomy gastrointestinal spasms, not requiring surgical treatment and received mebeverine (Duspatalin®) 200 mg BID. The observational assessment period lasted from the moment of their inclusion into the study up to 6 weeks post inlusion. The therapy results were evaluated using visual analog scales (GPA and 11-point numeric rating scale) by patient self-assessment of the dynamics of spasm/discomfort and other post-cholecystectomic gastrointestinal symptoms after 2 and 6 weeks of treatment. Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) was used to assess patient quality of life. Results and discussion. All 218 patients completed the 2-week mebeverine treatment course, 101 of them finished the 6-week course (“prolonged population”). Significant positive changes in the relief of abdominal pain and dyspepsia were noted as well as normalization of stool frequency and consistency. A more marked change in values was observed during prolonged (up to 6 weeks) therapy. Both 2-week and 6-week mebeverine courses led to a normalization of patient quality of life. After 6 week therapy, an effect of mebeverine on the quality of life 91% of patients was observed comparable to cholecystectomy itself, speficially related to the quality of life subscore ‘symptoms’. Conclusion. The results of our study demonstrate that mebeverine (Duspatalin®) therapy leads to an effective elimination of clinical symptoms associated with post-cholecystectomy GI-spasm disorders, like abdominal pain, symptoms of dyspepsia and stooldisorders. A more marked change in values was observed during prolonged (up to 6 weeks) therapy. Keywords: cholecystectomy, PСS, gallstone disease (GD), post-cholecystectomy spasm and disorders, mebeverine, abdominal pain, “Odyssey”.

The article provides an overview of modern views on the role of intestinal microbiota in the formation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The general questions of the pathogenesis of the syndrome of excessive bacterial growth in the intestine, the participation of opportunistic microflora, the deficit of representatives of normal microflora, changes in the species composition of bile acids in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are considered. Keywords: obesity, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, syndrome of excessive bacterial growth in the intestine

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is by far the most common chronic liver disease worldwide with a global prevalence of 32.4%. Currently, there is an active search for new therapeutic options for the management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. At the same time, there is a process of rethinking the effect of known drugs, in particular ursodeoxycholic acid, from the perspective of new points of therapeutic application, including the metabolic effects of this drug. Ursodeoxycholic acid is a naturally occurring hydrophilic non-cytotoxic bile acid that is present normally in bile, occupying 3-5% of the bile acid pool. Ursodeoxycholic acid is currently a drug with multiple therapeutic effects, which is actively used in the treatment of one non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The article focuses on the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Special attention is paid to the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on the state of the intestinal microbiota and the maintenance of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as a factor in the progression of metabolic disorders in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Results. The data of modern literature convincingly show that the most researched, available in clinical practice and reasonable approach to the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the use of ursodeoxycholic acid. The evidence-based advantages of the original ursodeoxycholic acid drug in the correction of metabolic disorders in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have been noted.

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