Gastrochilus balangshanensis, a new orchid species from the Balang Mountain, Sichuan Province, Southwest China, is described and illustrated. It morphologically resembles G. affinis, but differs in having shorter stems, a reniform epichile and a sub-hemispherical hypochile (spur), obtuse-rounded at the apex. The results of molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosome internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and four chloroplast DNA markers (matK, psbA–trnH, psbM–trnD and trnL–F) from 50 Gastrochilus species indicate that G. balangshanensis is closely related to G. heminii and G. bernhardtianus, also endemic to the Hengduan Mountains. The novelty is a branch and trunk epiphyte in mixed coniferous forest.

Primula yanbianensis T.Shuai, Lei Cai & Z.K.Wu, a new species of Primulaceae from Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated. Morphological evidence supports P. yanbianensis as a member of P. sect. Cortusoides, which is characterised by lack of farina, generally well furnished with multicellular hairs, subrounded leaf blades are more or less lobed, with distinct petiole and a deeply cordate base and campanulate or narrowly campanulate calyx not accrescent after anthesis. The new species is characterised by having umbel in whorls of 1–2, scape usually lower than leaf clusters, bracts broadly ovate and rose to pink petals distinctly veined. The distribution, morphological comparison with closely-related species and conservation status of the new species are also provided.

Primula jiangyouensis J.L.Gu & Z.K.Wu, a new species of Primulaceae from Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated. Morphological evidence supports P. jiangyouensis as a member of P. sect. Auganthus, which is characterized by shallowly to deeply lobed leaves covered with hairs, and distinctively broad and flat-bottomed calyx. The new species is characterized by its branched and stout rhizomes usually up to 40 cm, yellow corollas with a distinct fan-shaped reddish-brown blotch at the base of lobes, and short glandular hair on aboveground parts. The distribution, morphological comparison with close related species and conservation status of the new species, as well as a key to the species of Primula sect. Auganthus, are also provided.

Primula maershanensis J.L.Gu & Z.K.Wu, a new species of Primulaceae from Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated. Morphological evidence supports the placement of P. maershanensis within Primula sect. Auganthus , a section characterized by leaves that are shallowly to deeply lobed and covered with hairs and by a distinctively broad calyx with a flattened base. The new species is distinguished from other species in this section by its short rhizome and nearly fleshy roots; subpurple petioles and scapes; leaf blade suborbicular, wider than long, margin palmately 5–9-lobed to the middle of the blade; and a bright yellow corolla associated with long-homostylous flowers. Information on the distribution, morphological comparisons with closely related species, and the conservation status of the new species is also provided, along with a key to the known species of Primula sect. Auganthus .

Corydalis sect. Benecinctae is one of the sections of Corydalis that reaches the highest altitude in the genus Corydalis , and includes some species that are masters of camouflage. However, the phylogenetic relationships among species in this section have not yet been fully resolved, resulting in persistent taxonomic ambiguity. Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genome data from 14 samples (9 newly sequenced) covering nearly all previously described taxa of this section confirm that these taxa constitute a strongly supported monophyletic clade, within which both interspecific and intraspecific relationships are clearly resolved. Integrating molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence, a taxonomic revision of this section is here conducted. One new species ( C. wolongensis ) and two new varieties ( C. benecincta var. dianzangensis , C. benecincta var. multifida ) are described; of C. tuberipisiformis and C. geocarpa , both previously synonymized under C. dajingensis , the former is reinstated and the latter newly treated as a variety of C. dajingensis . Corydalis trilobipetala , formerly recognized as a distinct species or as C. benecincta subsp. trilobipetala , is here newly treated as C. benecincta var. trilobipetala . According to the updated taxonomic treatment in the present study, this section comprises four species and four varieties (excluding typical varieties).

Swertia muliensis, a new species from Sichuan Province, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to S. binchuanensis and S. mussotii, but differs in having yellow-green corolla, oblong-oval nectary, larger nectary-to-petal width ratio, capitate stigma lobes, and raised margin of the nectary towards the base of the petal with relatively longer fimbriae, and with the remainder bearing fewer and shorter fimbriae. Information of this new species including its distribution, habitat, phenology and etymology is also provided.