Understanding structural dynamics and workforce segmentation has become essential for sustainable economic policy and employment regulation in the context of global economic transformation, technological change, and labour market volatility. The goal of the current study is to identify key worker groups with varying levels of employment stability, staff turnover, and personnel cost distribution. The fuzzy clustering algorithm (Fuzzy C-Means) is used as the primary method, which makes it possible to assign objects to several clusters with varying degrees of affiliation. The analysis was based on official statistics of the labor market in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2013-2023. The analysis revealed three stable clusters: stable workforce flow cluster with low staff turnover (0.172) and balanced replacement (0.152); adaptive cluster with moderate instability, turnover of 0.355 and demand for labor up to 30 020 people; unbalanced cluster with high-cost variability (up to 19 billion tenge), compensation (coefficient of variation of 0.386) and maximum admission of graduates (up to 86,227 people). Kazakhstan's labor market is characterized by stability in traditional sectors, moderate adaptation in cyclical industries, and high volatility in technologically advanced and competitive segments. These results suggest the need for a differentiated employment policy that considers industry-specific characteristics and the digital transformation of the economy. Future research should investigate sector-specific models of human resource transformation and explore how employment dynamics can be integrated into strategies for sustainable and innovation-driven development.

Данное исследование посвящено вопросам экономической доступности продовольствия в Актюбинской области. Экономический доступ является одним из главнейших измерений продовольственной безопасности. Решение вопросов, связанных с продовольственной безопасностью, актуально как на глобальном, так и национальном уровне. В работе проанализирован теоретический материал и основные методические подходы к оценке экономической доступности. В статье представлены экономико-статистические методы количественной оценки экономической доступности продовольствия, в котором учтены номинальные среднедушевые доходы населения, величина прожиточного минимума, доля расходов населения на продовольственные товары. Выполнена оценка экономической доступности продовольствия в Актюбинской области сравнительно с регионами Казахстана. Результаты исследования выявили, что в Актюбинской области, так и в целом по республике, население расходует около половины своего дохода только на продовольственные товары. Это свидетельствует о низкой покупательной способности располагаемых доходов населения. Результаты позволили выявить ряд факторов, обеспечивающих повышение экономической доступности продуктов питания, среди которых – доходы населения, уровень цен на основные продукты питания. Выводы – авторы акцентируют внимание на необходимости разработки четкой методологии и внедрения систем индикаторов, позволяющих адекватно оценивать состояние экономической доступности продовольственных товаров в регионе. Разработаны практические рекомендации по повышению продовольственной безопасности региона с точки зрения экономической доступности и улучшению основных социально-экономических показателей Актюбинской области.

This article examines the experience of agglomeration development in China and Kazakhstan. It reviews the history of formation and approaches to defining the concept of urban agglomeration, including the definition of urban agglomeration by Chinese scholars. Forecasts are presented for metropolitan areas around the world and in China. In the practice of agglomeration development in China today, five urbanization belts and nineteen major urban agglomerations are outlined. The transfer of "non-capital functions" from the Chinese capital to Hebei Province is transforming Xiong'an into a center of innovation. The set of special measures used by the Chinese authorities to stimulate the development of megalopolises and agglomerations is considered. Characteristics of the functioning of China's urban agglomerations are presented, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The experience of agglomeration development in Kazakhstan at the legislative level is studied, and attention is paid to the introduction of a new model of agglomeration management in the country, which gives regional administrations basic, additional powers and responsibilities for agglomeration development. The imbalances around the major cities and the main factors contributing to these imbalances are considered. The need for the formation and development of agglomerations as points of economic growth of the country and their effective positioning according to the level and specialization of their development is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the development of agglomeration processes in Kazakhstan, the advantages and disadvantages of urban agglomerations are presented. Suggestions are made on the directions of their further development.