Objective: The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies and understanding clinical implications. Goal: The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic risk factors such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work or elsewhere. Current therapies for bladder cancer are affected by tumor morphology and associated acquired genetic mutations. Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases to find studies of bladder cancer published between 1984 and early 2020. The focus was articles that address epidemiological risk factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Articles were selected that enabled our review of these factors as well as molecular and structural patterns. Results: There are multiple views of bladder cancer. The literature offers a number of novel insights regarding the development and progression of bladder cancer and possible biomarkers that may be useful in clinical and diagnostic practice. Conclusion: There are several molecular pathways associated with bladder cancer that are frequently updated. In addition, genetic subtypes of bladder tumors are not distinguished clearly that requires future more detailed analysis.

This review of bladder cancer describes modern clinical and pathologic features of the neoplasm, reports new data about treatment and prognosis of this disease.

Aim. To evaluate the incidence of various viruses in prostate tissue in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa).Materials and methods. The study included 145 patients who were operated on for BPH (n = 79) or PCa (n = 66) in the period between 2019 and 2023. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed in the obtained samples of surgical material to determine the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6).Results. Mean age of patients was 68.2 years. Viruses in prostate tissue were found in 40.7 % of patients in the total cohort: in 35.4 % of patients with BPH and in 47.0 % of patients with PCa (p = 0.159). The most common virus detected in the total cohort of patients was EBV which was found in 18.6 % of patients: in 16.5 % of patients with BPH and in 21.2 % of patients with PCa (p = 0.464). The second most common was HHV-6 (9.0 % of patients of the total cohort: 19.7 % of patients with PCa and in 0 % with BPH, p 0.001), and the third was CMV (7.6 % of patients: 2.5 % of patients with BPH and 13.6 % of patients with PCa, p = 0.027). When combining all HPV types, the prevalence of HPV was 10.3 %, but individual subtypes were found in isolated cases and their incidence in the total cohort did not exceed 2.1 %. The incidence of HPV (all types) was 16.5 % in patients with BPH and 3.0 % in patients with PCa (p = 0.018).Conclusion. In patients with prostate diseases, almost half of the cases have viral infection localized in the prostate tissue. CMV and HHV-6 are the most common in patients with PCa. The latter was not found in patients with BPH. EBV is equally represented among patients with BPH and PCa.

Introduction. Bladder cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm of the urinary system, which is rep-resented by non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and metastatic tumors. NMIBCs are known to recur in 40–60% of cases and progress in 10–30% of patients. Therefore, information needs to be systematized and effective schemes for the prognosis and individual treatment for NMIBC, developed. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of clinical and histologi-cal features of the tumor on the recurrence risk in patients with NMIBC. Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of the medical histories of 100 patients with NMIBC after standard treatment. The patients were subsequently divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of recurrent tumor. On initial and follow-up examinations, we studied sex, age, tumor size, number of lesions, degree of tumor differentiation, and the time of recurrence in the corresponding group of patients. Results. On average, the histological type of tumor with a high degree of differentiation (G1) had a smaller tumor size than histological types of tumor of moderate (G2) and low (G3) differentiation (p=0.02). Multiple bladder lesions almost twice as often resulted in recurrent neoplasms than single tumors (p=0.01). The risk of recurrence significantly reduced with increasing tumor size and decreasing degree of differentiation (p=0.5; and p=0.01 for G2 and G3, respectively). Conclusion. The research data show that clinical and histological features (histological type of tumor, the extension of the bladder lesion, and tumor size) are interrelated with recurrent bladder cancer. Keywords: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, bladder cancer, oncology, pathology, recurrence of bladder cancer, clinical and histological features

Metanephric adenoma is a rare benign kidney tumor with a favorable prognosis. These neoplasms are often interpreted as malignant at the preoperative stage, since they do not have specific characteristics showing during instrumental imaging methods, which leads to excessive surgical treatment in the context of nephrectomy volume. Therefore, histological verification is the gold standard for diagnosis. The morphological features of metanephric adenoma are in many ways similar to such kidney tumors as papillary renal cell carcinoma and nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor), so sometimes additional research methods are required, including immunohistochemical and molecular genetic ones. In this article, we report a rare clinical case of metanephric adenoma in a forty-seven-year-old woman. The results of clinical and instrumental exams, as well as morphological features of the tumor are presented. A review of the literature on the clinical, morphological, and molecular aspects of this tumor is also presented.

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a rare solid benign tumor composed of varying amounts of mature adipose tissue, smooth muscle, and thick-walled vessels. This article presents a clinical observation and immediate results of a two-stage treatment of giant renal AML (preliminary superselective embolization with further partial nephrectomy) in a 58-year-old woman.