Imidazole derivatives display extensive applications in pharmaceutical chemistry and have been investigated as bioactive compounds for medicinal chemistry. In this study, besides the starting materials (3a-c and 4a-c), synthesis, characterization, and biological activity studies were conducted on a total of 18 compounds, nine of which are known and the other nine are original. The compounds investigated in the study are a series of alkyl (7-15) and aryl (16-24) ether derivatives bearing substituted phenyl and imidazole rings, which were characterized using various methods including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR analysis, elemental analysis, and mass spectroscopy. Computer-aided drug design studies have been carried out to predict the biological activities of compounds. Besides DFT calculations, the binding affinities of the compounds to EGFR, VEGFR2, FGFR1, HSP90, hCA I, and hCA II were investigated. Additionally, drug-likeness and ADME analyses were performed on the compounds. Anticancer, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activity tests were performed in biological activity studies on the synthesized compounds. Among the synthesized compounds, compounds 17 and 19-24 generally exhibited inhibition profiles against the widespread cytosolic hCA I isozyme with IC₅₀ values ranging from 4.13 to 15.67 nM and cytosolic hCA II isozyme with IC₅₀ values ranging from 5.65 to 14.84 nM. L929 (mouse fibroblast cell line) was used as the control healthy cell line, and MCF7 (breast cancer), C6 (rat glioblastoma), and HT-29 (colon cancer) cells were used in cell culture studies as cancer cell lines. Before the study on cancer cells, all compounds were examined on healthy cells, and their cytotoxicity was determined. As a result of these data, studies continued with six compounds determined to be nontoxic. On cancerous cells, it was determined that compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 4c, and 7 had cytotoxic effects on both colon cancer and brain tumors. It was found that compound 3b had a more toxic effect than cisplatin on the glioma cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 10.721 ± 0.38 μM, and compound 3a had a more toxic effect on the colon cancer cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 20.88 ± 1.02 μM. However, it was determined that the same compounds did not have a statistically significant effect on breast cancer. Flow cytometry studies also showed that when the IC₅₀ dose of compound 3b was applied to the C6 cell line, the cells tended to early and late apoptosis. Additionally, it has been shown by flow cytometry that the cell cycle stops in the G0/G1 phase. A similar effect was observed in the colon cancer cell line with compound 3a. Compound 3b caused early and late apoptosis of the colon cancer cell line with the applied IC₅₀ dose and stopped the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Finally, the FRAP method studied all synthesized compounds' antioxidant effects. According to the measured antioxidant power results, it was determined that no compound had a more effective reducing power than vitamin E.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 pandemic is one of the largest of the recent times and can cause many symptoms including smell and taste disorders. In the literature, smell disorders caused by coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been reported within a wide range from 3.2% to 98.3%. A small number of these studies demonstrated smell and taste disorders through objective tests. Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of smell and taste disorders in hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 infection. The study was carried out with 100 patients who were positive for real-time polymerase chain reaction and treated at the Kayseri City Hospital, and 100 healthcare worker relatives. We used the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test to evaluate the sense of smell. Sense of taste was evaluated using four different standardized bottles of preparations, and the results were scored according to the patients’ statements. Patient (Group 1) and control (Group 2) groups were compared for age, gender, smell and taste disorders. There were 39 women and 61 men in the patient group, and 40 women and 60 men in the control group. Mean age was 50.2±1.37 (range 21–70) years in Group 1 and 47.6±1.25 (range 18–70) years in Group 2, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. While the rate of smell disorder was 80% in Group 1, we found this rate as 35% in Group 2. Taste disturbance was identified in 38 patients, of whom 16 had mild hypogeusia, 17 had moderate hypogeusia, four had severe hypogeusia, and one patient had ageusia. We found that taste disorder was 38% in Group 1 and 3% in Group 2. Smell and taste dysfunctions are very common symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The results obtained using objective test methods are higher than the rates obtained from patient statements.

Retrospective Analysis of Hemorrhage After Pediatric Tonsillectomy - Turkish Archives of Otorhinolaryngology

Tracheobronchial Aspiration of a Tracheostomy Tube Cleaning Brush in a Laryngectomized Patient - Turkish Archives of Otorhinolaryngology

Background and Aim: Despite extensive research, the physiopathology and clinical course of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still not fully understood. It is not known why some COVID-19 patients develop pneumonia while others are asymptomatic or have only mild upper respiratory tract symptoms. The tonsils are an element of the immune system that provide first-line defense against microorganisms entering the body via the upper respiratory tract. This study aimed to evaluate the role of tonsils in preventing the development of COVID-19 pneumonia. Materials and Methods: The study included 198 patients aged 20-40 years who presented to the pandemic outpatient clinic, had confirmed COVID-19 infection, and had no comorbidities. The relationship between lung involvement and history of tonsillectomy was analyzed. Results: Of the 198 patients in the study, 108 were male, 90 were female, and the mean age was 34.7 years. Eighty-three (41.9%) of the patients did not have lung involvement and 115 (58.1%) had lung involvement. Twelve (10.4%) of the patients with lung involvement and 3 (3.6%) of the patients without lung involvement had a history of tonsillectomy. The prevalence of pneumonia did not differ statistically between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although there was no statistically significant relationship between COVID-19 pneumonia and tonsillectomy in this study, we observed that pneumonia developed in 80% of the 15 patients who underwent tonsillectomy. This suggests that greater caution in terms of lung involvement may be warranted for tonsillectomized patients with COVID-19.