Classrooms, yet evidence on their collective impact remains scattered across single‑tool case studies. This systematic review closes that gap by analyzing nineteen empirical investigations published between 2020 and 2025 that deploy learning‑management systems, mobile applications, extended reality (XR) environments and artificial‑intelligence tutors in K‑12 and tertiary science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) settings. Using a mixed method comparative synthesis, the study maps how these tools converge into integrated communication ecosystems and how their orchestration shapes conceptual understanding, collaboration dynamics and equity of access. The findings show that learning‑management platforms and mobile messaging now anchor almost three quarters of deployments, providing a backbone for scheduling, resource distribution and threaded dialogue that bridges classroom and home. When these platforms are paired with short, scaffolded XR sessions and real‑time, artificial intelligence‑driven feedback loops, learners achieve double‑digit gains in spatial reasoning, problem-solving and motivation while low‑performing students close achievement gaps by up to thirty per cent. The review also uncovers persistent barriers: bandwidth constraints, high hardware costs and limited teacher data literacy temper the transformative potential of these tools, particularly in rural and linguistically diverse contexts. By clustering technologies, pedagogical approaches and methodological choices into a single analytic matrix, the review offers the first holistic blueprint for designing inclusive, data‑rich STEM ecosystems. However, methodological heterogeneity, study durations shorter than one school term and convenience sampling from high‑connectivity regions limit generalizability and call for longitudinal, multi‑site designs and living evidence reviews. Overall, the study argues that communication technologies will reach their full promise only when technical ingenuity is matched by pedagogical wisdom and structural commitment.

The current political landscape in Central Asia reveals that Sufism has emerged as a significant po-litical force, now playing a crucial role in both the foreign and domestic policy agendas of Kazakhstan and the broader Central Asian region. The ideological revival of Islam requires a rethinking of the ac-cumulated historical experience. The authors sought to analyze the emergence, formation and devel-opment of Sufism in Central Asia. Simultaneously, a key emphasis was on political Sufism. The study was conducted within three territorial zones that differ in their specificity: Maverannahr, Nomadic Steppe and Eastern Turkestan. The authors sought to challenge the commonly held view of Sufism as merely an ascetic-mystical trend in Islam, arguing that this narrow perspective fails to capture the full richness and diversity of its essence. In particular, the study examines how Sufi leaders have integrated into political life, highlighting both their successful and unsuccessful attempts to seize secular power. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in expanding the source material on various aspects of Sufism, including its formation and development within Islam, its multifaceted nature, and its political applications. Additionally, the study explores Sufism’s influence on historical processes in Kazakhstan, Eastern Turkestan, and Central Asia as a whole. The results of the study have valuable applications in both scientific and educational fields. The study is grounded in a robust theoretical and methodological framework, drawing on philosophical and historical concepts of Sufism as presented in the works of various scholars. An innovative methodological approach employed in this study was the principle of exploring the history and culture of Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan through exten-sive use of locally sourced, lesser-known materials that had previously been underutilized in histori-cal research. This approach has facilitated a deeper understanding of Sufism’s essence, as well as the distinct goals and methods of political Sufism.

The migration process from China to Kazakhstan is complex, poorly understood, and requires a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches to fully understand its dynamics. For this purpose, this paper applies theories of international migration to gain a better understanding of the movement of migrants between the two countries. The study focuses on macro-level migration theories to identify the political and economic implications of migration in the context of Kazakhstan-China relations. The study highlights the need for integrated methods, including both qualitative and quantitative approaches such as surveys, interviews, and case studies, to capture the multifaceted nature of migration. It also highlights the need for improved data collection methods and suggests that a combination of administrative data, expert assessments, and sample surveys can provide a more accurate understanding of illegal migration. The paper pays particular attention to irregular migration, given the high numbers of migrants from PRC to Kazakhstan, primarily for economic reasons. Thus, the paper attempts to map out the dynamics of Chinese-Kazakh migration by highlighting its history, development, sources, and factors, using findings from Western and domestic scholars.

The article explores the interrelations of two adjacent subregions of Central Asia - Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan in the 17th - 19th centuries. The research aims to identify the political interaction between Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan and its evolution in historical retrospect. The study is based on a scholarly foundation formed through comparative analysis of Chinese and Turkic sources, archival materials, and data from specialized literature. The methodology of comparativism provided an opportunity to examine historical events in the context of geopolitical interests of major powers in Central Asia - the Qing and Russian empires. A significant methodological approach involved studying the history of Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan based on the extensive utilization of local understudied sources. The analysis of the materials provided an opportunity to demonstrate the history of interaction between Kazakhstan and Eastern Turkestan within the accepted chronological framework and its changes depending on the political context. The 17th to 19th centuries were rich in events for the studied sub-regions, playing a pivotal role in their subsequent fate. From international and generally allied relations between the two sovereign states in the 17th century, they evolved with the establishment of the Russian Empire's protectorate over the Kazakh hordes and the conquest of Eastern Turkestan by the Qing Empire, becoming purely interethnic in nature. The external politics during this period came under the authority of the metropolises. The close connection between the ethnicities inhabiting the sub-regions was further strengthened by common origins, related languages, a shared religion, cultural traditions, and the dramatic nature of the established situation. This connection manifested not only in established economic and cultural ties and trade exchange but primarily in common political interests, emerging during periods of national liberation struggle. Key words: Kazakhstan, East Turkestan, history, political interaction, interethnic relations.