Though usually referred to as “the Quechua language”, Quechua is actually a diverse language family extending from Colombia to northern Argentina. Quechua languages are not all mutually intelligible, but speakers are generally unaware of that fact, since they use it mostly in local, communitarian settings. This study examines the evolving speech behavior and meta-linguistic discourse of an international group of Quechua speakers, most of whom were encountering different varieties of Quechua for the first time as participants in a two-year graduate program in bilingual-intercultural education. Over the course of the program, students developed several strategies to facilitate communication across their different Quechua varieties. We examine those strategies and their implications for language planning, language education, and the emergence of a broader pan-Quechua identity.

Objetivo. Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) a tres variedades del quechua y analizar su validez, confiabilidad e invarianza. Materiales y métodos. 1) Fase de adaptación cultural: el PHQ-9 fue traducido del inglés a tres variantes del quechua (Central, Chanca, Cuzco-Collao) y traducido nuevamente al inglés, posteriormente expertos y grupos focales permitieron adaptar culturalmente las traducciones. 2) Fase psicométrica: se evaluó la uni-dimensionalidad del PHQ-9 adaptado mediante un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (CFA), la confiabilidad se evaluó mediante consistencia interna (Alpha y Omega), y la invarianza de medida según variedades del quechua y variables sociodemográficas se evaluó empleando CFA multigrupos y modelos MIMIC (Múltiples Indicadores y Múltiples Causas). Resultados. Cada una de las adaptaciones del PHQ-9 a las tresvariedades de quechua reportaron ítems claros y culturalmente equivalentes. Posteriormente, con 970 datos de quechuahablantes adultos varones y mujeres, el modelo general unidimensional reportó un ajuste adecuado (índice de ajuste comparativo: 0,990, índice de Tucker-Lewis: 0,987, residuo estandarizado cuadrático medio: 0,048, raíz del error cuadrático medio de aproximación: 0,071), lo mismo ocurrió para cada variedad del quechua. La confiabilidad fue alta para todas las variedades (α = 0,865 – 0,915; ω = 0,833 – 0,881). Los resultados del CFA multigrupos y modelos MIMIC confirmaron invarianza de medida según variante del quechua, sexo, residencia, edad, estado civil y nivel educativo. Conclusiones. Las adaptaciones del PHQ-9 a Quechua Central, Chanca y Cuzco-Collao ofrecen una medición válida, confiable e invariante, confirmando que se pueden hacer comparacionesen los grupos evaluados. Su uso beneficiará a la investigación y a la atención en salud mental de poblaciones quechuahablantes.

This study investigates how environmental awareness of suppliers affects the distribution of products and services and management performance of environmental data using three key indicators: MPI (Management Performance Indicator), OPI (Operational Indicator Index), ECI (Environmental Condition Indicator). In order to prove these relations, the research models and hypotheses were established. After collecting 295 samples of effective responses from suppliers, an experimental analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. The main findings reveals that the environmental awareness of suppliers influence the distribution and the representation of environmental data to the management with mediating effect on the relationship between suppliers and environment. This study has important significances: an academic one, that the scope of environmental awareness was extended from the consumer to the organizational perspective, especially to suppliers; another practical due that it has increased environmental awareness of suppliers improving the environmental management performance; and also, an educational with positive implications for the dissemination of environmental information.

El estudio analiza las políticas de inclusión social y cultural en las universidades en Áncash (Perú). Socioculturalmente, Áncash siempre fue diverso. En la actualidad, siguen vigentes las tradiciones culturales ancestrales y existen más de 500 000 quechuahablantes. Allí funcionan cinco universidades, dos públicas licenciadas y tres privadas, una licenciada y dos no licenciadas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Los resultados reportan que solo una universidad pública realiza dos acciones iniciales de inclusión sociocultural con perspectiva intercultural: la incorporación del quechua y algunos temas de la cultura andina en el currículo, y el acceso de estudiantes de las comunidades campesinas a la universidad mediante un examen de admisión especial. Empero, los docentes formadores en interculturalidad no cuentan con el perfil requerido. Así, las universidades ancashinas muestran la falta de un mayor compromiso y de coherencia con la diversidad sociocultural y sociolingüística de la región y del país. Entonces, se necesita de universidades innovadoras, reflexivas, inclusivas e interculturales para formar recursos humanos competentes en, con y para la diversidad.

In light of the economic volatility and the environmentally conscious state, academics must pay close attention to the issue of sustainable development. Therefore, this research analyzes how social responsibility, corporate governance, and ecological innovation have affected the Chinese coal industry’s sustainable development. This study investigates the moderating role of environmental ethics among the nexus of social responsibilities, environmental responsibilities, and sustainable development due to its growing importance for sustainability in the coal industry in China. The study used survey questionnaires to collect primary data from the coal industry employees. The research has applied the structural equation model to examine the association among the variables and test the hypotheses through Smart PLS software. The results revealed that social and environmental responsibilities and ecological innovation have a positive while corporate governance has a negative association with the sustainable development of the coal industry in China. The findings also revealed that environmental ethics significantly moderate among social responsibilities, environmental responsibilities, and sustainable development of the coal industry in China. This study guides policymakers in establishing policies related to sustainable development by improving their social and environmental-related responsibilities and adopting ecological innovation.

Given the ubiquity of sustainability, the study attempts to develop and validate measurement constructs for financial inclusion. Further, it empirically examines the statistical relationship between validated constructs of financial inclusion and financial empowerment of blue-collar migrant workers. This empirical study proposes an exclusive research framework to inspect the development and validation of measurement scales for financial inclusion in the context of sustainable growth in India. The primary data were collected using the structured interview schedule among 268 blue-collar migrant workers. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was employed to validate measurement constructs of financial inclusion and examine their hypothetical and conjectural relationships with the help of multiple correlation analysis. This paper identified eight valid and reliable underlying constructs of financial inclusion with the help of an exploratory factor study. The underlying constructs are ease of access, usage, availability, affordability, physical proximity, awareness and knowledge, financial literacy, and financial empowerment. Further, the outcomes of this study also confirmed that the underlying constructs of financial inclusion have a significant positive influence on the financial empowerment of blue-collar migrant workers.