This paper designs three coordinated control schemes for a grid-connected wind energy conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The system includes a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a supercapacitor energy storage (SCES) to maintain stable operation during different operating conditions. Coordinated control scheme-I (CCS-I) integrates the SCES into the DC-link via a bidirectional DC/DC converter to stabilize the voltage under varying wind speeds and grid disturbances. Coordinated control scheme-II (CCS-II) uses a STATCOM at the point of common coupling (PCC) to enhance the grid voltage stability during voltage sag or swell, where the SCES balances active power, and the grid side converter (GSC) provides reactive power support. The STATCOM is only activated when the PCC's reactive power requirement exceeds the GSC's support capacity. Coordinated control scheme-III (CCS-III) considers simultaneous disturbances on both the wind turbine and grid side to stabilize the DC-link and grid voltage. The proposed control schemes have been experimentally implemented with a dSpace MicroLabBox. Additionally a Lyapunov function based stability analysis of the system including the SCES is presented in the paper.

This article presents the inclusive DC-link voltage control and protection scheme for the DC-link of the microgrid. The proposed inclusive scheme is proposed to control the DClink voltage during load-switching or AC-side faults scenarios, and protect the DC-link when short-circuit fault emerges at DClink. To examine the proposed inclusive scheme, the microgrid test system is created according to the IEEE-1547 standard in PSCAD/EMTDC based software system. Then the designed microgrid is examined under various fault scenarios to confirm the performance of the developed scheme. Results show that the presented control and protection scheme can maintain the DClink voltage under faults on the AC or DC sides in grid-connected and islanding modes of operation. The proposed scheme has the ability to ensure the voltage regulation and protection of the DClink of the microgrid under different operating conditions and faults.

In this paper, two coordinated control schemes have been designed for a grid-connected permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind energy conversion system with static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and supercapacitor energy storage (SCES) under various operating conditions. The coordinated control scheme-I (CCS-I) integrated a SCES into the DC-link through a bidirectional DC/DC converter to stabilize the DC-link voltage under varying wind speed and grid disturbances. The coordinated control scheme-II (CCS-II) implemented a STATCOM at the point of common coupling (PCC) to enhance the grid voltage stability during the grid voltage sag or swell. In CCS-II the SCES balances the active power while reactive power support is extracted from the grid side converter (GSC). The STATCOM is only activated when the reactive power requirement by the PCC exceeds the support capacity of the GSC. The proposed coordinated control schemes have been experimentally implemented with a dSpace MicroLabBox. Results show that CCS-I and II ensured the uninterrupted operation of the wind energy system and satisfied grid code requirements under various operating conditions and grid disturbances.

This paper presents the integrated DC-link voltage control and protection scheme for the DC-link of the microgrid. The proposed integrated scheme is designed to regulate the DC-link voltage during AC side faults or load switching conditions, and protect the DC-link when short-circuit fault occurs at DC-link. To test the proposed scheme, the microgrid test system is designed according to the IEEE 1547 standard in PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. Then the developed microgrid is tested under different fault conditions to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Results show that the proposed control and protection scheme is able to maintain the DC-link voltage under fault on AC or DC side in grid-connected and islanding modes of operation. The proposed scheme has the ability to ensure the voltage stability and protection of the DC-link of the microgrid under various operating conditions and faults.

This paper presents the design, control, and validation of a solar photovoltaic (PV)-powered DC microgrid (MG) integrated with a battery energy storage system (BESS), which was studied at laboratory scale as a step towards remote electrification in resource-constrained regions. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented to maximise solar energy extraction under varying irradiance. An Adaptive Power Management (APM) framework is proposed to maintain DC bus stability when the BESS is unavailable to support the bus—a condition that may arise from battery degradation, sensor or communication failures, converter malfunctions, protection trips, or physical damage. In this work, BESS unavailability is represented at the system level as the withdrawal of BESS support; the individual fault mechanisms that may cause it are not separately modelled. The APM operates across three hierarchical layers—monitoring, decision, and control—and reuses only the voltage and current measurements already present in the MG, requiring no additional sensing. The system is evaluated under three operating scenarios: (i) intermittent renewable generation; (ii) varying load demand; (iii) stochastic fluctuations in both irradiance and load. During BESS unavailability, the APM activates prioritised adaptive load shedding or PV generation curtailment as appropriate, preserving critical loads and preventing DC bus overvoltage. In the scenarios studied, the APM reduces worst-case voltage sag from 35.9% to 2.4% and worst-case swell from 53.51% to 0.14%, while maintaining BESS State of Charge (SOC) within 20%–80% during normal operation. Compared with the conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (INC) methods, the ANFIS-based MPPT achieves a mean point-wise tracking and conversion efficiency of 99.46%, a 1.78% improvement and a 0.86% improvement, respectively, which were corroborated by independent energy-based assessments (1.76% and 0.92%), with voltage deviations of 2.34% and oscillations of only 0.57 V peak-to-peak. Lyapunov-based analysis establishes asymptotic stability of the DC bus voltage in the BESS-regulated operating modes under stated assumptions. The proposed control strategies are validated through MATLAB/Simulink (R2025b) simulations and laboratory-scale experimental results, with the latter demonstrating coordinated PV–BESS–converter operation and bus voltage regulation.