Hydrogenation of phenol in aqueous solutions on Pt-Ni/SiO₂, Pt-Ni-Cr/Al₂O₃, Pt/C, and Ru/C catalysts was studied at temperatures of 150–250 °C and pressures of 40–80 bar. The possibility of hydrogenation of hydrolysis lignin in an aqueous medium in the presence of a Ru/C catalyst is shown. The conversion of hydrolysis lignin and water-soluble sodium lignosulfonate occurs with the formation of a complex mixture of monomeric products: a number of phenols, products of their catalytic hydrogenation (cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone), and hydrogenolysis products (cyclic and aliphatic C₂–C₇ hydrocarbons).

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a common inherited metabolic disorder characterised by impaired metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. The disease results from a mutation in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme, which converts phenylalanine (Phe) into tyrosine (Tyr). The absence or inactivity of this enzyme results in significantly elevated levels of Phe in the blood, which can lead to severe neurological conditions, including intellectual disability, epilepsy, and other developmental disorders. Since its discovery, animal models have played a crucial role for understanding the pathophysiology of PKU, as well as providing recognisable proof of targets and surveying new remedial specialists and in vivo medicines. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive review of the experimental and non-experimental animal models employed for phenylketonuria and its associated complications.

Aqueous solutions of depolymerized lignin with a concentration of 12 to 15 g/L are obtained by treating an aqueous suspension of hydrolysis lignin (LG-PP) for 4 hours at 250°C and 10 MPa. The transformation of lignin in the resulting solution is studied at sub- (320°C, 30 MPa) and supercritical (400–650°C, 30 MPa) parameters in a flow-type reactor. It is shown that the degree of depolymerization of lignin increases with increasing temperature and reaches its maximum value at 650°C; the process results in the formation of hydrocarbons of various groups including derivatives of benzene and phenol. Intensive gasification of lignin with the production of gas mixtures containing up to 40 vol % hydrogen occurs at temperatures above 600°C.

A characteristic feature of influenza A viruses is their high capacity for reassortment, significantly increasing their genetic diversity. This can lead to the formation of influenza A virus variants with unique phenotypic characteristics, particularly those with pandemic potential. Representatives of the H4N9 subtype are low-pathogenic influenza A (LPAI) viruses. Despite their low pandemic potential, these viruses may represent an important reservoir of genes for genetic exchange with other IAVs. Here, we analyzed the reassortment events of H4N9 viruses using all publicly available sequences. Several computational approaches, including phylogenetic reconstructions and reassortment detection algorithms (PDDM and PDCP), were used to identify phylogenetic incongruences. Numerous reassortment events were detected in H4N9 viruses, especially in the NS segment. This suggests extensive genetic exchange with other avian and mammalian IAVs. In addition, a comparison of phylogenetic and geographic patterns suggests that H4N9 viruses have undergone multiple trans-regional transmissions. These results suggest that LPAI viruses make a significant contribution to the overall influenza gene pool, increasing the likelihood of the emergence of new IAV variants with unpredictable phenotypic characteristics. However, our results suggest that the current understanding of the real distribution and genetic diversity is fragmented. Therefore, better monitoring and surveillance of H4N9 viruses should improve influenza pandemic preparedness.

Hydrolysis lignin conversion in a supercritical n-hexane medium is conducted in two stages: (1) heat treatment of lignin in an autoclave in argon atmosphere at 250°C and 15 MPa and (2) the hydrogenation of the products in solution formed at the first stage at 250°C and 9.0 MPa in the presence of Ru/C catalyst. The products obtained at the first and second stages are analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, size exclusive chromatography, gas chromatography, chromatography–mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. At the first stage, the degree of depolymerization is 17%; the mono- and oligomeric fragments of lignin that pass into solution due to depolymerization have a molecular mass distribution (MMD) in the range of 65 Da to 270 kDa. It is found that the composition of monomers in the first-stage depolymerization products is as follows: mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraalkyl benzene derivatives (2.8 wt %), guaiacol, and 4-alkyl guaiacol derivatives (0.6 wt %), in particular, coniferyl alcohol (0.06 wt %). The following processes occur at the second stage: (i) the depolymerization of oligomers to monomers, (ii) the hydrogenation of monomeric phenols to oxo- and alkyl cyclohexane derivatives, and (iii) the formation of gaseous products (mostly methane, 95 vol %) due to the catalytic hydrocracking of the solvent.