A recent study on the UAV industry in Thailand highlights the challenges and opportunities facing entrepreneurs in this sector. The research, based on surveys and interviews with industry leaders, sheds light on the impact of import policies on local production costs. The results showed that the majority of UAV companies imported UAVs for specific missions such as agriculture, surveying, and individual entertainment. A small portion of UAV companies imported components such as batteries, motors, and propellers for assembly in Thailand. However, companies importing UAV components face higher import taxes compared to those importing finished UAVs due to the current promotion policies of the Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI). This increases production costs for entrepreneurs in Thailand. To address this issue, tax rates should be reconsidered to allow operators to compete equally in the market, benefiting both entrepreneurs and consumers in Thailand.

This systematic literature review synthesizes existing knowledge on wellness tourism, a sector increasingly influenced by demographic, technological, health-related, and environmental changes. The adaptation of wellness tourism to these evolving conditions is closely linked to branding. However, the existing literature lacks a systematic conceptual framework that explains the relationship between organizational adaptation and wellness tourism brand development. This study aims to examine adaptation and branding in health tourism, identify key factors and organizational adaptive capabilities, explore research gaps in the relationship between organizational adaptation and brand value, and develop an integrated conceptual framework linking organizational adaptation to brand development in the health tourism business. This study conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and employed thematic analysis to synthesize 36 selected articles that underwent screening and descriptive appraisal. The literature was retrieved primarily from Google Scholar and SAGE, covering the period from January 2020 to August 2026. The synthesis identified six key themes: leadership and strategic capabilities; digital technology and branding; safety, trust, and brand reputation; culture and brand identity; the environment and sustainable brand development; and tourist experiences. Based on these issues, this study proposes an integrated conceptual framework linking adaptation and branding in health tourism, addressing the gap in their integration within the literature. The framework supports future empirical research and provides insights for stakeholders to align their responses with destination branding strategies, while guiding future research and tourism management practices.

This study investigated and optimized the operational process parameters of an extrusion-based 3D food printing system to maximize the dimensional fidelity of newly developed Wolffia globosa (duckweed) starch hydrogel constructs relative to a nominal target specification of 30 × 30 × 30 mm. Prior to parameter optimization, synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy (SR-XTM) was used to characterize Wolffia globosa particle size and dispersion within the starch matrix, showing that grinding eliminated large particle agglomerates (up to approximately 150 µm) and was necessary for smooth, continuous extrusion; the ground formulation was accordingly selected for all printing trials. A full factorial experimental configuration was executed to examine the synchronized effects of three core process parameters: print-head traverse speed (5–15 mm/s), extrusion speed (5–15 steps/mm), and layer height (1.9–3.7 mm). Experimental responses were evaluated via Three-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using triplicate measurements (n = 3) at each of the 27 tested parameter combinations. Residual diagnostics indicated an approximately normal distribution for the height model (Shapiro–Wilk p = 0.716), whereas the width and length models showed some departure from normality (p < 0.01), consistent with the significant lack-of-fit detected for these two responses. Three-way ANOVA confirmed that print-head (nozzle) speed was the dominant factor governing the in-plane dimensions (width and length; partial η² ≈ 0.98), while height was jointly governed by all three factors, with layer height and print-head speed contributing the largest effects. With the statistical power afforded by replicate measurements, all two- and three-way interactions among the three factors were also statistically significant for width and length (p < 0.001), refining the single-replicate interaction pattern reported previously. Empirical second-order polynomial equations explained a substantial share of the variance in each dimension (R² = 0.70–0.85), although formal lack-of-fit testing indicated that higher-order interactions not captured by the quadratic terms remained statistically significant, and the equations should therefore be interpreted as descriptive rather than as precise predictive tools. Based on the triplicate means, a print-head speed of 5 mm/s, extrusion speed of 15 steps/mm, and a layer height of 1.9 mm minimized the mean cumulative absolute error to 4.01 mm, yielding a mean dimensional profile of 28.63 ± 0.78 mm width, 27.76 ± 0.96 mm length, and 30.41 ± 0.70 mm height (mean ± SD, n = 3).