Bone tissue engineering is an alternative therapeutic intervention to repair or regenerate lost bone. This technique requires three essential components: stem cells that can differentiate into bone cells, growth factors that stimulate cell behavior for bone formation, and scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix. Among the various kinds of scaffolds, highly porous nanofibrous scaffolds are a potential candidate for supporting cell functions, such as adhesion, delivering growth factors, and forming new tissue. Various fabricating techniques for nanofibrous scaffolds have been investigated, including electrospinning, multi-axial electrospinning, and melt writing electrospinning. Although electrospun fiber fabrication has been possible for a decade, these fibers have gained attention in tissue regeneration owing to the possibility of further modifications of their chemical, biological, and mechanical properties. Recent reports suggest that post-modification after spinning make it possible to modify a nanofiber’s chemical and physical characteristics for regenerating specific target tissues. The objectives of this review are to describe the details of recently developed fabrication and post-modification techniques and discuss the advanced applications and impact of the integrated system of nanofiber-based scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering. This review highlights the importance of nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Articular cartilage plays a crucial role in reducing friction between bones and enabling movements; however, it is frequently degraded due to persistent joint stress, aging, and osteoarthritis. As its self-repair ability is limited, various cell-based therapeutic strategies have been developed for cartilage regeneration. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures inadequately replicate the complex intercellular interactions of native cartilage. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroid cultures can more accurately mimic in vivo cellular physiology, offering superior regenerative potential via improved cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These interactions can be enhanced with biomaterials to form composite spheroids, which exhibit substantial potential for improving cartilage regeneration and attenuating osteoarthritis progression in vivo by promoting cell survival and tissue integration. This review highlights current strategies for developing biomimetic composite spheroid systems, including spheroid encapsulation, scaffold incorporation, and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, we discuss their advantages, translational potential for in vivo cartilage repair, and the challenges and future directions in cartilage tissue engineering.

Chronic stress and anxiety highlight the need for safer natural alternatives to conventional therapies with severe adverse effects, yet the combined behavioral and biochemical effects of vitexin and its structural isomer, isovitexin, remain insufficiently investigated. This study evaluated the effects of a vitexin–isovitexin mixture in both crude and microencapsulated forms under acute and repeated restraint stress. In vitro radical-scavenging activity was assessed via the DPPH assay. In vivo, male Swiss albino mice subjected to acute (4 h) and repeated (4 h × 7 days) restraint stress received oral administration of the mixture (30 mg/kg) 30 min before each stress session, followed by behavioral testing and biochemical analysis; molecular docking was used as an exploratory approach to assess predicted structural compatibility with selected stress-related targets. In vitro, the mixture exhibited DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In vivo, the effects differed between the acute and repeated stress models, with significant changes in several behavioral outcomes, serum cortisol, and GSH levels, whereas MDA and TST responses were less consistent. Molecular docking suggested predicted structural compatibility of vitexin and isovitexin with SERT, 5-HT1A, GABAA, the glucocorticoid receptor, and Keap1. Overall, the VTX-iVTX mixture showed variable effects on stress-related behavioral and biochemical outcomes, with microencapsulation showing effects comparable to the crude form in most parameters and more pronounced effects in selected outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Ya Pra Sa Kra Tung Pew Pai Nok is a traditional Thai medicinal formulation historically used for fever and inflammatory skin symptoms. This study characterized a lactose-containing vacuum-dried extract, evaluated its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and incorporated it into a topical spray formulation. Methods: The formulation comprised Brachypterum scandens (Roxb.) Miq., Tiliacora triandra (Colebr.) Diels., and Tamarindus indica L. in equal proportions. Genistein-7-O-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-glucopyranoside (GTG) was selected as a chemical marker and quantified using a validated HPLC-DAD method. Results: The method showed good selectivity and linearity over 4–20 µg/mL, with intra- and inter-day precision RSD values of 4.04% and 3.43%, recoveries of 97.41–103.65%, and LOD and LOQ values of 0.15 and 0.49 µg/mL, respectively. CCK-8 analysis showed that both vacuum-dried extract preparations, with and without lactose, maintained RAW264.7 cell viability above 80% across all tested concentrations. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, the lactose-containing extract significantly reduced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, demonstrating in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. A topical spray containing 5% w/w dried extract was selected and exhibited an initial pH of 4.43. After 6 months of storage at 4, 30, and 40 °C, the remaining GTG contents were approximately 99.1%, 92.9%, and 87.6%, respectively, indicating temperature-dependent degradation. No microbial contamination was detected during storage. Human closed-patch testing in 30 healthy volunteers yielded an MCII of 0.05, indicating negligible irritation under the tested conditions. Conclusions: These findings support further development of Ya Pra Sa Kra Tung Pew Pai Nok as a standardized topical herbal formulation.