Rising population, combined with declining home food production, in Arab nations has resulted in increased food imports that intensifies their dependence on international markets for vital food supplies. These nations face challenges in achieving food security because crude oil price volatility creates difficulties in managing the expenses of imported food products. This research calculates the income and price elasticities of imported food demand to understand consumer behavior changes in response to income and price variations, which helps to explain their impact on regional food security. To our knowledge, this research presents the first analysis of imported food consumption patterns across Arab countries according to their income brackets. This study employs the static Almost Ideal Demand System model to examine food import data spanning from 1961 to 2020. The majority of imported food categories demonstrate inelastic price and income demand, which means that their essential food consumption remains stable despite cost fluctuations. The need for imports makes Arab nations vulnerable to external price changes, which endangers their food security. This research demonstrates why governments must implement policies through subsidies and taxation to reduce price volatility risks while ensuring food stability, which will lead to sustained food security for these nations.

This study evaluates and compares the empirical performance of three demand system models―Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), Quadratic AIDS (QUAIDS), and Rotterdam―in estimating price, income, and cross-price elasticities for potato demand in Saudi Arabia. Given the volatile nature of emerging-market data, the study aims to identify the most suitable model for accurately capturing consumer behavior in the Saudi potato market. The empirical analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of each model in handling price and income fluctuations. While the AIDS and QUAIDS models proved theoretically attractive, both exhibited estimation challenges in this context, including statistically insignificant coefficients, violations of homogeneity and symmetry, and unstable elasticity results. QUAIDS, though capable of capturing nonlinearities, suffered from convergence issues and multicollinearity under volatile conditions. These limitations prompted the adoption of the Rotterdam model, which provided a more stable and theoretically consistent forecast. The study also implements homogeneity and symmetry restrictions within Rotterdam’s framework (RMLE) to enhance model reliability. Diagnostic tests, including Wald tests for coefficient significance and Durbin-Watson tests for residual autocorrelation, confirm the robustness of the findings. In addition, the analysis highlights the practical significance of elasticity estimation for policy design and food security planning. The results offer valuable insights for policymakers and market analysts to understand demand elasticity and improve forecasting in Saudi Arabia’s potato sector.

Efficient Use of Water Management, Irrigated land, Agroforestry Development,Organic Fertilizer and Organic Farming are the factors which influence CO2 emission The study aims to analyse the long-term influence of efficient water management, irrigated land, agroforestry development, organic fertiliser, and organic farming on CO2 emissions in developing countries. The study employed the PMG-ARDL model covering the time from 2001 to 2021. According to the findings, efficient water management, irrigated land, agroforestry development, organic fertiliser use, and organic farming exhibit significant negative long-run effects on CO2 emissions in developing countries. Furthermore, efficient water management, irrigated land, and agroforestry development show a negative and significant short-run influence on CO2 emissions. However, organic fertiliser and organic farming have an insignificant influence on CO2 emissions. The present study emphasised that the practices of sustainable agriculture can contain the release of greenhouse gases. The government in developing countries should adopt high-level climate progressive farming practices, equality in resource use, and marketing of sustainable products. Building an efficient agricultural market that is emission-resistant and capable of feeding future generations will require multifaceted initiatives supported by funding, research, and mutual assistance. Several diagnostic tests, including panel unit root and cointegration analyses, were conducted to ensure the robustness of the empirical results. However, the findings should be interpreted with consideration of data limitations and potential heterogeneity across developing countries.

Socio-economic transformation has posed new challenges to the effectiveness of community forestry (CF) management. In response, China has introduced the Joint Management of Forest Land between State-Owned Forest Farms and Communities (SOFFs-CJM) model, which aims to strengthen CF governance and foster the revitalization of traditional forest regions. The key to the success of this model lies in incentivizing the active participation of SOFFs. Grounded in institutional theory, this study conducts an empirical analysis of SOFFs’ joint operation decisions using data from 187 forest farms across four provinces—Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Zhejiang. Logit models, mediation effect models, and moderation effect models are integrated to examine the decision-making behavior of SOFFs. The results show that: (1) coercive pressure, mimetic pressure, and normative pressure all positively influence SOFFs to engage in joint management with communities, with coercive pressure exerting the most significant impact. (2) Organizational legitimacy plays a mediating role in the relationship between institutional pressures and the decision-making of SOFFs. Specifically, institutional pressures indirectly affect joint management decisions through performance legitimacy, task legitimacy, and value legitimacy. (3) The management system and nature of SOFFs moderate the impact of institutional pressures on joint management decisions. County-owned SOFFs enhance the influence of mimetic pressure on joint management decisions and weaken the impact of normative pressure, while corporate-owned SOFFs reduce the influence of coercive pressure and normative pressure. (4) Coercive pressure and normative pressure have a complementary effect on joint management decisions, and normative pressure has an inverted-U-shaped relationship with joint management decisions. Therefore, the government can promote the participation of SOFFs in community forestry by improving coercive pressure, appropriately guiding normative pressure, enhancing mimetic pressure, and designing differentiated policies based on the management system and nature of the forest farms.

Food insecurity remains a structural impediment to rural welfare in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with smallholder farming households in northern Nigeria among the most severely affected. This study examined the socioeconomic determinants of food security among farming households in Kano State, Nigeria, with emphasis on the role of institutional credit access, using the Food Consumption Score (FCS) methodology. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews using multi-stage cluster sampling and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. Slightly fewer than half of the sampled households met the food-secure threshold, and food security status was significantly associated with the level of access to institutional credit, with a noticeable gap in food security status between high-access and no-access households. Multiple regression confirmed that access to institutional credit, farming experience, and farm size were significant and positive determinants of food security, while household size was a significant negative determinant. These findings demonstrate that institutional credit is an important, policy-actionable pillar of rural food security in Kano State Nigeria, best pursued alongside corresponding investments in farmer experience-transfer, land access, and household welfare.

This study measured the ability of the General Food Security Authority to provide wheat and support for the milling industry and flour production in Saudi Arabia, using econometric analysis. It was found from this study that the General Food Security Authority was able to increase the strategic stock of wheat, by 832.89 thousand tons, until it became sufficient for consumption needs for a period of 5.5 months. The average economic price of flour for local wheat is estimated at about 2884.64 riyals / ton, while it is 2,657.33 riyals / ton for imported wheat. The high economic price of flour in the case of using local wheat is due to raising the price of receiving local wheat to 1700 riyals / ton, especially after the Russian-Ukrainian war. The amount of support for milling companies for local wheat amounted to about 1520 riyals / ton, while it amounted to 1386.04 riyals / ton for imported wheat. The overall value of government support for flour production in 2021 was 5,472.44 million riyals.