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Dr. Sudharshan N. Raman
Monash University Malaysia

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Concrete
0 Resource Conservation
0 Structural Engineering
0 Structural Strengthening & Rehabilitation
0 cement based composites

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Concrete
Structural Strengthening & Rehabilitation
Structural Engineering

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Short Biography

Dr. Sudharshan N. Raman is an Associate Professor in the Civil Engineering Discipline of the School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia. He completed his PhD at The University of Melbourne, Australia in 2011, with a focus in structural engineering and infrastructure protective technologies. Dr. Raman was the President of the Malaysian Chapter of the American Concrete Institute (Malaysia Chapter – ACI) for the 2018-2020 Session, and is currently serving as the Immediate Past President. He is a Fellow of the Chartered Association of Building Engineers (CABE), UK; a Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE); a Member of American Concrete Institute (ACI); and a Committee Member of the Civil & Structural Engineering Technical Division of The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM). Over the years, Dr. Raman has built his reputation as a researcher in concrete structures and materials, and infrastructure protective technologies; he has served as a Reviewer for prestigious journals in Civil & Structural Engineering, and Built Environment; and currently sits in the Editorial Boards of three international journals. He has also been involved with numerous consultancy projects in the area of structural engineering and infrastructure resilience, within the public and private sectors, both locally and internationally.

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Journal article
Published: 10 April 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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This study covered the fresh and mechanical characteristics of self-compacting concrete incorporating various fractions of (natural) roselle fibre (1 to 4% with 1% increment by weight of powder content). The fresh state behaviour of the composite was assessed by measuring the slump flow diameter, V-funnel flow time, L-box blocking ratio and J-ring step height. Meanwhile, the mechanical characteristics of the composite were determined by measuring the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and impact strength. Data collected from the experiments of the fresh and mechanical characteristics of the roselle fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete mix were correlated and subjected to regression analysis. The findings indicated that the incorporation of the roselle fibre reduced the workability behaviour of the self-compacting concrete. By contrast, the mechanical characteristics, such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity were enhanced with increasing fibre content. However, 4% fibre addition resulted in a marginally decreased compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the self-compacting concrete. Empirical equations were developed to correlate the splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity to the compressive strength with high values of coefficient of determination. Experimental findings were found to be in good agreement with existing correlations reported in standards and literature.

ACS Style

R. Prakash; Sudharshan N. Raman; N. Divyah; C. Subramanian; C. Vijayaprabha; S. Praveenkumar. Fresh and mechanical characteristics of roselle fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete incorporating fly ash and metakaolin. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 290, 123209 .

AMA Style

R. Prakash, Sudharshan N. Raman, N. Divyah, C. Subramanian, C. Vijayaprabha, S. Praveenkumar. Fresh and mechanical characteristics of roselle fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete incorporating fly ash and metakaolin. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 290 ():123209.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Prakash; Sudharshan N. Raman; N. Divyah; C. Subramanian; C. Vijayaprabha; S. Praveenkumar. 2021. "Fresh and mechanical characteristics of roselle fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete incorporating fly ash and metakaolin." Construction and Building Materials 290, no. : 123209.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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Water treatment plant generates alum sludge as waste during the process of treating drinking water for human consumption. Notwithstanding the benefits of treating water, there are still problems associated with the disposal of waste generated from the water treatment plant after the treatment process. Studies have shown that the conventional disposal method is associated with environmental hazards; and there is a need to derive more sustainable method of alum sludge disposal. This study focused on investigating the properties of concrete incorporating alum sludge as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. The alum sludge used in this study as replacement of fine aggregate was prepared in two ways; oven-dried under temperature 105 °C and 300 °C heated alum sludge (heated in the furnace). Both alum sludge (oven-dried alum sludge, 300 °C heated alum sludge) was crushed/grinded to obtain a maximum particle size of 65 µm and used to replace fine aggregate in different proportions (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%). The produced concrete was tested for fresh properties; and then cured at 7, 28, 56, 90 and 180 days to test for hardened and durability properties. The results from the study showed that oven-dried alum sludge and 300 °C treated alum sludge produce a workable mix and can be used as replacement of fine aggregate with optimum replacement content of 10%. Both alum sludge improved the density of the concrete, strength properties of the concrete and concrete durability. At 15% replacement content of fine aggregate with oven dried and 300°C heated alum sludge, yield a decrease in workability and strength properties, with poor durability properties.

ACS Style

A.B.M.A. Kaish; Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu; Ideris Zakaria; Manal Mohsen Abood; Lutfun Nahar. Properties of concrete incorporating alum sludge in different conditions as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 284, 122669 .

AMA Style

A.B.M.A. Kaish, Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu, Ideris Zakaria, Manal Mohsen Abood, Lutfun Nahar. Properties of concrete incorporating alum sludge in different conditions as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 284 ():122669.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.B.M.A. Kaish; Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu; Ideris Zakaria; Manal Mohsen Abood; Lutfun Nahar. 2021. "Properties of concrete incorporating alum sludge in different conditions as partial replacement of fine aggregate." Construction and Building Materials 284, no. : 122669.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Construction and Building Materials
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A full-scale tunnel fire test requires extensive preparation of the fire source and an empirical design setup of the tunnel to reach 1200 °C of tunnel fire temperature. This paper shows comprehensive experimental research on the method of designing a large scale fire test setup for new unloaded concrete tunnel segments. The thermal and spalling behaviour of fire-resistant Patent- MY-163281 composition concrete (PMC) tunnel lining segments are compared to those of a current construction project coded SPC. The tests were conducted to follow the RABT time–temperature curve. Unloaded tunnel segments were considered to minimise the effects of mechanical loading on the spalling and failure behaviour. The results show that the test setup could replicate the RABT time–temperature curve with a nominal difference. The temperatures decreased gradually, with the increasing depth of concrete cover from the surface exposed to fire, with the PMC segments less than SPC’s. The PMC segments showed good concrete spalling resistance behaviour, but the SPC segments were severely spalled. The PMC tunnel lining showed better performance under tunnel fire compared to SPC lining with similar design strength.

ACS Style

Husen Alhawat; R. Hamid; S. Baharom; M.R. Azmi; A.B.M.A. Kaish. Thermal behaviour of unloaded concrete tunnel lining through an innovative large-scale tunnel fire experimental testing setup. Construction and Building Materials 2021, 283, 122718 .

AMA Style

Husen Alhawat, R. Hamid, S. Baharom, M.R. Azmi, A.B.M.A. Kaish. Thermal behaviour of unloaded concrete tunnel lining through an innovative large-scale tunnel fire experimental testing setup. Construction and Building Materials. 2021; 283 ():122718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Husen Alhawat; R. Hamid; S. Baharom; M.R. Azmi; A.B.M.A. Kaish. 2021. "Thermal behaviour of unloaded concrete tunnel lining through an innovative large-scale tunnel fire experimental testing setup." Construction and Building Materials 283, no. : 122718.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2021 in Metals
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An experimental investigation is performed on various cold-formed profiled sheets to study the connection behavior of composite deck slab actions using bolted shear connectors. Various profiles like dovetailed (or) re-entrant profiles, rectangular profiles and trapezoidal profiles are used in the present investigation. This experimental investigation deals with the evaluation of various parameters such as the ultimate load carrying capacity versus deflection, load versus slip, ductility ratio, strain energy and modes of failure in composite slab specimens with varying profiles. From the test results the performance of dovetailed profiled composite slabs’ resistance is significantly higher than the other two profiled composite deck slabs.

ACS Style

Siva Avudaiappan; Erick I. Saavedra Flores; Gerardo Araya-Letelier; Walter Jonathan Thomas; Sudharshan N. Raman; Gunasekaran Murali; Mugahed Amran; Maria Karelina; Roman Fediuk; Nikolai Vatin. Experimental Investigation on Composite Deck Slab Made of Cold-Formed Profiled Steel Sheeting. Metals 2021, 11, 229 .

AMA Style

Siva Avudaiappan, Erick I. Saavedra Flores, Gerardo Araya-Letelier, Walter Jonathan Thomas, Sudharshan N. Raman, Gunasekaran Murali, Mugahed Amran, Maria Karelina, Roman Fediuk, Nikolai Vatin. Experimental Investigation on Composite Deck Slab Made of Cold-Formed Profiled Steel Sheeting. Metals. 2021; 11 (2):229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siva Avudaiappan; Erick I. Saavedra Flores; Gerardo Araya-Letelier; Walter Jonathan Thomas; Sudharshan N. Raman; Gunasekaran Murali; Mugahed Amran; Maria Karelina; Roman Fediuk; Nikolai Vatin. 2021. "Experimental Investigation on Composite Deck Slab Made of Cold-Formed Profiled Steel Sheeting." Metals 11, no. 2: 229.

Journal article
Published: 23 December 2020 in Journal of Building Engineering
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This study aimed at investigating the effect of different industrial waste material as partial replacement of fine aggregate on strength properties of normal concrete. For economical and sustainability of natural resources, use of some industrial waste can demonstrate numerous benefits for the construction industry. Nevertheless, there is limited study on the use of industrial waste as replacement of fine aggregate in normal strength concrete especially, using alum sludge from water treatment plant as replacement of fine aggregate. The material used in this study as replacement of fine aggregate (river sand) was oven-dried alum sludge. While quarry dust and limestone dust were also employed as non-reactive industrial waste material, to identify the specific effect of oven-dried alum sludge in concrete. All the materials were crushed to obtain smaller particle size and then used as replacement of fine aggregate in different percentages (5, 10 and 15%). The results from the experiments shows that addition of industrial waste material improved the concrete density, compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths. The result also shows that optimum replacement content of fine aggregate with industrial waste were 10% for oven-dried alum sludge, whereas 15% for quarry and limestone dust content that improved all strength properties investigated in this study. All industrial waste employed in this study as fine aggregate have proven to be a good filler material by filling the concrete internal void and improving the strength properties for a normal strength concrete.

ACS Style

A.B.M.A. Kaish; Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu; Ideris Zakaria; Manal Mohsen Abood. Effects of different industrial waste materials as partial replacement of fine aggregate on strength and microstructure properties of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering 2020, 35, 102092 .

AMA Style

A.B.M.A. Kaish, Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu, Ideris Zakaria, Manal Mohsen Abood. Effects of different industrial waste materials as partial replacement of fine aggregate on strength and microstructure properties of concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 35 ():102092.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A.B.M.A. Kaish; Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu; Ideris Zakaria; Manal Mohsen Abood. 2020. "Effects of different industrial waste materials as partial replacement of fine aggregate on strength and microstructure properties of concrete." Journal of Building Engineering 35, no. : 102092.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Materials
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Ferrocement panels, while offering various benefits, do not cover instances of low and moderated velocity impact. To address this problem and to enhance the impact strength against low-velocity impact, a fibrous ferrocement panel is proposed and investigated. This study aims to assess the flexural and low-velocity impact response of simply supported ferrocement panels reinforced with expanded wire mesh (EWM) and steel fibers. The experimental program covered 12 different ferrocement panel prototypes and was tested against a three-point flexural load and falling mass impact test. The ferrocement panel system comprises mortar reinforced with 1% and 2% dosage of steel fibers and an EWM arranged in 1, 2, and 3 layers. For mortar preparation, a water-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.4 was maintained and all panels were cured in water for 28 days. The primary endpoints of the investigation are first crack and ultimate load capacity, deflection corresponding to first crack and ultimate load, ductility index, flexural strength, crack width at ultimate load, a number of impacts needed to induce crack commencement and failure, ductility ratio, and failure mode. The finding revealed that the three-layers of EWM inclusion and steel fibers resulted in an additional impact resistance improvement at cracking and failure stages of ferrocement panels. With superior ultimate load capacity, flexural strength, crack resistance, impact resistance, and ductile response, as witnessed in the experiment program, ferrocement panel can be a positive choice for many construction applications subjected to repeated low-velocity impacts.

ACS Style

Gunasekaran Murali; Mugahed Amran; Roman Fediuk; Nikolai Vatin; Sudharshan N. Raman; Gundu Maithreyi; Arunachalam Sumathi. Structural Behavior of Fibrous-Ferrocement Panel Subjected to Flexural and Impact Loads. Materials 2020, 13, 5648 .

AMA Style

Gunasekaran Murali, Mugahed Amran, Roman Fediuk, Nikolai Vatin, Sudharshan N. Raman, Gundu Maithreyi, Arunachalam Sumathi. Structural Behavior of Fibrous-Ferrocement Panel Subjected to Flexural and Impact Loads. Materials. 2020; 13 (24):5648.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gunasekaran Murali; Mugahed Amran; Roman Fediuk; Nikolai Vatin; Sudharshan N. Raman; Gundu Maithreyi; Arunachalam Sumathi. 2020. "Structural Behavior of Fibrous-Ferrocement Panel Subjected to Flexural and Impact Loads." Materials 13, no. 24: 5648.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Experimental investigation was conducted using concrete specimens to assess the effectiveness of bio-based polyurethane (PU) coating synthesized from palm kernel oil in enhancing the dynamic mechanical response of concrete specimens under quasi-static and dynamic loads. The dynamic loading condition was simulated by conducting three-point bending tests at a strain rate of 0.067 s−1, and simultaneously, under quasi-static loading (strain rate of 0.00033 s−1) conditions. The application of PU layer(s) (either on the impact face, rear face, or on both faces of the concrete specimens) increases the dynamic resistance of the concrete element, which can be enhanced by increasing coating thickness on either face of the concrete element. Under dynamic conditions, with 10% of total coating thickness compared to the beam depth, strain during ultimate failure, and strain energy density were enhanced significantly with marginal enhancement in the ultimate flexural strength. PU coating does not debond during ultimate failure of the test specimens which implies good adhesion characteristics, and even with minimum coating thickness (2.5%), drastic fragmentation effects can be reduced. Bio-based PU is a green material and application of PU coating provides a viable and sustainable technique for protecting concrete structures against dynamic loads.

ACS Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna; S.N. Raman; D. Mohotti; A.A. Mutalib; K.H. Badri. Behaviour of concrete specimens retrofitted with bio-based polyurethane coatings under dynamic loads. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 270, 121860 .

AMA Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna, S.N. Raman, D. Mohotti, A.A. Mutalib, K.H. Badri. Behaviour of concrete specimens retrofitted with bio-based polyurethane coatings under dynamic loads. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 270 ():121860.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna; S.N. Raman; D. Mohotti; A.A. Mutalib; K.H. Badri. 2020. "Behaviour of concrete specimens retrofitted with bio-based polyurethane coatings under dynamic loads." Construction and Building Materials 270, no. : 121860.

Review
Published: 30 November 2020 in Advances in Civil Engineering
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Fire exposure can have a significant impact on the structural integrity and robustness of precast concrete beam-to-column connections. Given the importance of fire safety in the design of a structure, it is critical to understand the damage that may occur in the event of a fire to be able to prevent the building from collapsing. No comprehensive study has been carried out to determine the effects of fire on semirigid and pinned concrete beam-to-column connections. Most studies focused on the impact of exposure of rigid concrete beam-to-column connections to high temperatures. This paper is a comprehensive review of the literature on the performance of precast concrete beam-to-column connections under fire conditions. The key areas in this review are the moment-rotation-temperature characteristics and fire effect on precast concrete beam-to-column connections. This paper focuses primarily on the case studies of real fires, large-scale fire tests, computer simulations and analytical models, fire resistance tests on the connection elements, and assessment and rehabilitation of fire-damaged precast concrete. The paper also discusses the current issues and possible challenges.

ACS Style

Noor Azim Mohd Radzi; Roszilah Hamid; Azrul A. Mutalib; A. B. M. Amrul Kaish. A Review of Precast Concrete Beam-to-Column Connections Subjected to Severe Fire Conditions. Advances in Civil Engineering 2020, 2020, 1 -23.

AMA Style

Noor Azim Mohd Radzi, Roszilah Hamid, Azrul A. Mutalib, A. B. M. Amrul Kaish. A Review of Precast Concrete Beam-to-Column Connections Subjected to Severe Fire Conditions. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2020; 2020 ():1-23.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noor Azim Mohd Radzi; Roszilah Hamid; Azrul A. Mutalib; A. B. M. Amrul Kaish. 2020. "A Review of Precast Concrete Beam-to-Column Connections Subjected to Severe Fire Conditions." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020, no. : 1-23.

Original paper
Published: 31 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
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The construction industry is largely dependent on concrete as a construction material. The aggregate occupies a major volume of concrete. However, the continuous extraction of granite rock for coarse aggregate leads to the increase in demand of natural resources of future generations. In this study, coconut shell, an agricultural waste, is used to replace conventional aggregate in concrete for producing coconut shell lightweight concrete. To enhance the weak mechanical characteristics of lightweight concrete, various contents of sisal fibre at 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% have been added on the basis of the binder’s weight. Mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus and impact resistance, were examined. Results showed that the compressive strength increased by up to 6% when 3% fibre was added. An improvement in split tensile strength of 14%, flexural strength of 11% and modulus of elasticity of 6% was observed when a maximum of 3% fibre was added. Impact resistance was also excellent after the addition of sisal fibre. Thus, coconut shell concrete with sisal fibre is considered as a suitable and eco-friendly construction material alternative for the construction industry.

ACS Style

R. Prakash; R. Thenmozhi; S. N. Raman; C. Subramanian; N. Divyah. Mechanical characterisation of sustainable fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete incorporating waste coconut shell as coarse aggregate and sisal fibre. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2020, 18, 1579 -1590.

AMA Style

R. Prakash, R. Thenmozhi, S. N. Raman, C. Subramanian, N. Divyah. Mechanical characterisation of sustainable fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete incorporating waste coconut shell as coarse aggregate and sisal fibre. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2020; 18 (6):1579-1590.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Prakash; R. Thenmozhi; S. N. Raman; C. Subramanian; N. Divyah. 2020. "Mechanical characterisation of sustainable fibre-reinforced lightweight concrete incorporating waste coconut shell as coarse aggregate and sisal fibre." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 18, no. 6: 1579-1590.

Review
Published: 09 May 2020 in Sustainability
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Rapid growth in industrial development has raised the concern of proper disposal of the by-products generated in industries. Many of them may cause serious pollution to the air, land, and water if dumped in open landfills. Agricultural and municipal wastes also cause environmental issues if not managed properly. Besides, minimizing the carbon footprint has become a priority in every industry to slow down global warming and climate change effects. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) obtained from agricultural, industrial, municipal, and natural sources can decrease a significant amount of fossil fuel burning by reducing cement production and contribute to proper waste management. Also, SCMs can enhance desirable material properties like flowability, strength, and durability. Such materials may play a big role to meet the need of modern time for resilient construction. The effective application of SCMs in cement-based materials requires a clear understanding of their physical and chemical characteristics. Researchers studied how the flowability, strength, and durability properties of structural mortar change with the replacement of cement with different SCMs. Various experiments were conducted to examine the behavior of structural mortar in extreme conditions (e.g., high temperature). Many scholars have attempted to improve its performance with various treatment techniques. This article is an attempt to bring all the major findings of the recent relevant studies together, identify research gaps in the current state of knowledge on the utilization of SCMs in structural mortar, and give several recommendations for further study. The available results from recent studies have been reviewed, analyzed, and summarized in this article. A collection of the updated experimental findings will encourage and ease the use of various by-products and wastes as SCMs in structural mortar for sustainable construction.

ACS Style

Shamir Sakir; Sudharshan N. Raman; Safiuddin; A. B. M. Amrul Kaish; Azrul A. Mutalib. Utilization of By-Products and Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Structural Mortar for Sustainable Construction. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3888 .

AMA Style

Shamir Sakir, Sudharshan N. Raman, Safiuddin, A. B. M. Amrul Kaish, Azrul A. Mutalib. Utilization of By-Products and Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Structural Mortar for Sustainable Construction. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3888.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shamir Sakir; Sudharshan N. Raman; Safiuddin; A. B. M. Amrul Kaish; Azrul A. Mutalib. 2020. "Utilization of By-Products and Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Structural Mortar for Sustainable Construction." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3888.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Elastomeric polymers, such as polyurethane (PU), are being used in novel applications to enhance the load-carrying capacity, ductility, and the survivability of structures under dynamic loading. The mechanical response of elastomeric materials is highly rate and pressure dependent, and exhibits stress-strain non-linearity. The objective of the current study is to identify the effect of the strain rate on the uniaxial tensile behavior of elastomeric PU. To this end, four types of PUs differing in their plasticizer content were used. The uniaxial tensile characteristics under loading and unloading conditions and the cyclic softening behavior were examined under varying strain rate regimes (ranging from 0.001 s−1 to 0.33 s−1). The experimental results showed that the stress-strain behavior of all PUs is non-linear and rate dependent. Young’s module, yield stress, tangent module, ultimate tensile stress, failure stress, failure strain, resilience module, toughness module and residual strain of PU6 at 0.33 s−1 are 0.37–4.13 times compared to the values at 0.001 s−1. It also exhibits hysteresis and cyclic softening. Increasing strain rates resulted in a dramatic transition in behavior from rubbery to leathery for all PUs. This behavior was described as positive strain-rate dependence. The behavior of PUs was defined as hyper-viscoelastic material.

ACS Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna; S.N. Raman; D. Mohotti; A.A. Mutalib; K.H. Badri. Rate dependent tensile behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 254, 119203 .

AMA Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna, S.N. Raman, D. Mohotti, A.A. Mutalib, K.H. Badri. Rate dependent tensile behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 254 ():119203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna; S.N. Raman; D. Mohotti; A.A. Mutalib; K.H. Badri. 2020. "Rate dependent tensile behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates." Construction and Building Materials 254, no. : 119203.

Technical paper
Published: 03 March 2020 in Structural Concrete
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This study investigated the effect of adding fly ash on the mechanical and durability characteristics of coconut shell (CS) concrete. Two different mixes were developed, one with CS and the other with conventional aggregate and CS as coarse aggregate. Cement was replaced with Class F fly ash in terms of weight at 0, 10, 20, and 30% in both mixes. Test result showed that the CS concrete with 10% fly ash replacement level exhibited the highest compressive and tensile strength. The addition of fly ash decreased the porosity of CS concrete due to its fineness and increased hydration products in the matrix at later ages. Additionally, it also improved the weak aggregate interfacial transition zone of CS lightweight concrete. Thus, the fly ash addition in CS concrete showed lower values of water absorption, permeable voids, sorptivity, and chloride permeability. Furthermore, the increasing content of fly ash addition improved the durability characteristics of CS concrete considerably.

ACS Style

Ramaiah Prakash; Rajagopal Thenmozhi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Chidambaram Subramanian; Nagarajan Divyah. An investigation of key mechanical and durability properties of coconut shell concrete with partial replacement of fly ash. Structural Concrete 2020, 22, 1 .

AMA Style

Ramaiah Prakash, Rajagopal Thenmozhi, Sudharshan N. Raman, Chidambaram Subramanian, Nagarajan Divyah. An investigation of key mechanical and durability properties of coconut shell concrete with partial replacement of fly ash. Structural Concrete. 2020; 22 (S1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramaiah Prakash; Rajagopal Thenmozhi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Chidambaram Subramanian; Nagarajan Divyah. 2020. "An investigation of key mechanical and durability properties of coconut shell concrete with partial replacement of fly ash." Structural Concrete 22, no. S1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in International Journal of Impact Engineering
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Beam-column joints are critical elements in a building as they govern the structural behavior and failure mechanisms under extreme events such as earthquake, blast, and impact. This work was undertaken to investigate the dynamic response of reinforced concrete (RC) external beam-column sub-assembly subjected to shockwave. To this effect, a well-instrumented shock tube setup was developed to investigate the dynamic response of the joint. The maximum displacement acquired through the experimental study is compared with numerical and analytical results. The shock-induced transient displacement and acceleration were measured at discrete locations along the length of the beam, and the entire shock event was recorded using a high-speed video camera. These joint assemblies were incorporated with various deficiencies such as a beam weak in shear, beam weak in flexure and column weak in shear, to account for limitations in design guidelines. The influence of confining reinforcements on the shock-resistant behavior of a beam-column joint is studied. Findings from the current research indicate that steel confinement conforming with seismic design criteria strengthens the joint assemblies when subjected to shockwave loading conditions. It is also found that additional transverse reinforcement arrests the development of shear cracks in the disturbed (D – region) of the joint. The results obtained from the finite element and analytical models agree well with the experimental results.

ACS Style

Anupoju Rajeev; Sai Sharath Parsi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Tuan Ngo; Amit Shelke. Experimental and numerical investigation of an exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joint subjected to shock loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering 2019, 137, 103473 .

AMA Style

Anupoju Rajeev, Sai Sharath Parsi, Sudharshan N. Raman, Tuan Ngo, Amit Shelke. Experimental and numerical investigation of an exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joint subjected to shock loading. International Journal of Impact Engineering. 2019; 137 ():103473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anupoju Rajeev; Sai Sharath Parsi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Tuan Ngo; Amit Shelke. 2019. "Experimental and numerical investigation of an exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joint subjected to shock loading." International Journal of Impact Engineering 137, no. : 103473.

Review
Published: 09 December 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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The rapid growth in urbanization and construction is increasing the demand for cement and aggregate, especially for concrete production. However, the production of cement and concrete increases the emission of carbon dioxide, and the source of natural aggregates to deplete. Hence, alternative materials are needed for concrete applications. Wood waste ash (WWA), a substitute material, is obtained from wood-fired plants, pulp and paper, and other wood-burning industrial facilities. However, the WWA production industry requires large areas of land in localities. Some wood waste is spread over the land, while some industries burn wood waste in incinerators, thus promoting air pollution, a major environmental issue. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the effective use of WWA as a replacement material for cement or aggregates in concrete. An overview of the utilization of WWA in the construction sector is presented, and development trends are studied in accordance with setting time, strength, and durability properties. Meanwhile, the effects of WWA as a pozzolanic additive are summarized for eco-concreting applications. Findings show that incorporating WWA in cement and concrete is beneficial to sustainable development and zero-waste technology. Environmental issues on using WWA and ways of reducing the hazardous impact on the surroundings are presented as well.

ACS Style

Kazi Tamanna; Sudharshan N. Raman; Maslina Jamil; Roszilah Hamid. Utilization of wood waste ash in construction technology: A review. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 237, 117654 .

AMA Style

Kazi Tamanna, Sudharshan N. Raman, Maslina Jamil, Roszilah Hamid. Utilization of wood waste ash in construction technology: A review. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 237 ():117654.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kazi Tamanna; Sudharshan N. Raman; Maslina Jamil; Roszilah Hamid. 2019. "Utilization of wood waste ash in construction technology: A review." Construction and Building Materials 237, no. : 117654.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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Non-linearity, loading rate, as well as temperature and pressure dependency present major challenges in the investigation of properties, particularly the mechanical properties of elastomeric polymers. Recently, material and structural engineers have focused on investigating the mechanical behavior of hyper-elastic materials under varying strain rate conditions. In addition, they have been developing constitutive models to define the non-linear behavior of these materials, combined with the strain rate effect, which simulates behavior under different loading conditions. In this study, a new viscoelastic model is proposed to simulate the variation in the mechanical properties of elastomeric materials. Hyper-viscoelastic constitutive models were also developed by modifying existing hyper-elastic models (Mooney–Rivlin and Ogden) with existing viscoplastic models (Cowper–Symonds and Johnson–Cook) and the proposed viscoelastic model. The proposed models were verified through experimental results by investigating the uniaxial tensile behavior of an elastomeric polyurethane (PU) sample under varying low strain rate regimes (0.001 s−1–0.1 s−1). The proposed viscoelastic model exhibited the best correlation to present the enhancement of mechanical properties under varying strain rate conditions compared with the Cowper–Symonds and Johnson–Cook models. The proposed hyper-viscoelastic models could be used to predict material behavior using only one set of hyper-elastic model parameters at a certain strain rate, combined with viscoelastic model parameters. The hyper-viscoelastic cumulative strain energy and stress–strain models, which were developed with the proposed viscoelastic model, demonstrated high accuracy in predicting material behavior with the strain rate effect of elastomeric PU or similar materials.

ACS Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna; S.N. Raman; Damith Mohotti; A.A. Mutalib; K.H. Badri. Hyper-viscoelastic constitutive models for predicting the material behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates and uniaxial tensile loading. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 236, 117417 .

AMA Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna, S.N. Raman, Damith Mohotti, A.A. Mutalib, K.H. Badri. Hyper-viscoelastic constitutive models for predicting the material behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates and uniaxial tensile loading. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 236 ():117417.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H.M.C.C. Somarathna; S.N. Raman; Damith Mohotti; A.A. Mutalib; K.H. Badri. 2019. "Hyper-viscoelastic constitutive models for predicting the material behavior of polyurethane under varying strain rates and uniaxial tensile loading." Construction and Building Materials 236, no. : 117417.

Journal article
Published: 17 October 2019 in Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of polypropylene fibre addition into eco-concrete made with fly ash, an industrial by product, as partial cement replacement material, and coconut shell, an agricultural waste, as coarse aggregates, on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Two different mixes were developed, one with coconut shell only as coarse aggregates, and the other with the combination of both conventional aggregates and coconut shell as coarse aggregates. The cement content was replaced with class F fly ash at 10% by weight in the concrete mixes. The volume fractions of polypropylene fibres used in this study were 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%. The addition of polypropylene fibres slightly reduces the slump and density of coconut shell concrete. As the volume fraction of fibres increases, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of coconut shell concrete also increases by up to 0.5% of fibre volume fraction. The split tensile strength and flexural strength of coconut shell concrete were also enhanced with fibre addition. The addition of 0.75% and 1.0% volume fractions of polypropylene fibres slightly reduces compressive strength. Results of this study show that polypropylene fibres may be used in coconut shell concrete to improve the mechanical properties of the composite.

ACS Style

Ramaiah Prakash; Rajagopal Thenmozhi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Chidambaram Subramanian. Fibre reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell aggregate, fly ash and polypropylene fibre. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia 2019, 33 -42.

AMA Style

Ramaiah Prakash, Rajagopal Thenmozhi, Sudharshan N. Raman, Chidambaram Subramanian. Fibre reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell aggregate, fly ash and polypropylene fibre. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia. 2019; (94):33-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramaiah Prakash; Rajagopal Thenmozhi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Chidambaram Subramanian. 2019. "Fibre reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell aggregate, fly ash and polypropylene fibre." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia , no. 94: 33-42.

Conference paper
Published: 25 August 2019 in High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6
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Proper design of mixing proportions is the key factor to appreciate the benefits and advantages of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Determining a proper water-to-powder ratio is a crucial step in designing SCC. Mini slump flow test of mortar, as recommended by the EFNARC, is popularly used to check the water-to-powder ratio in the design process. The dimensions of the EFNARC recommended cone is slightly different from the widely available ASTM C230 cone. This study is an attempt to find a correlation between the test results of these two cones. Using the same fresh mixtures, two sets of data were collected using both cones. The correlation factor was determined using these data and verified by theoretical calculation. A proper correlation will allow the use of ASTM cone in the design of SCC. As the ASTM recommended cone is commonly available in most concrete laboratories, its application in SCC related studies will reduce the need of fabrication of new equipment, as well as, using the same cone to test the slump flow of both conventional workability and self-compacting mortar will allow the experts to come up with simplified test procedures and guidelines for the fresh property of mortar for the whole workability range.

ACS Style

Shamir Sakir; Sudharshan N. Raman; A. B. M. Amrul Kaish; Azrul A. Mutalib. Calibration of ASTM C230 Cone for Measuring Flow Diameter of Self-flowing Mortar According to the EFNARC Recommendation. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2019, 266 -272.

AMA Style

Shamir Sakir, Sudharshan N. Raman, A. B. M. Amrul Kaish, Azrul A. Mutalib. Calibration of ASTM C230 Cone for Measuring Flow Diameter of Self-flowing Mortar According to the EFNARC Recommendation. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2019; ():266-272.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shamir Sakir; Sudharshan N. Raman; A. B. M. Amrul Kaish; Azrul A. Mutalib. 2019. "Calibration of ASTM C230 Cone for Measuring Flow Diameter of Self-flowing Mortar According to the EFNARC Recommendation." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 266-272.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2019 in Structural Concrete
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ACS Style

Ramaiah Prakash; Rajagopal Thenmozhi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Chidambaram Subramanian. Characterization of eco‐friendly steel fiber‐reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell as coarse aggregates and fly ash as partial cement replacement. Structural Concrete 2019, 21, 437 -447.

AMA Style

Ramaiah Prakash, Rajagopal Thenmozhi, Sudharshan N. Raman, Chidambaram Subramanian. Characterization of eco‐friendly steel fiber‐reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell as coarse aggregates and fly ash as partial cement replacement. Structural Concrete. 2019; 21 (1):437-447.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramaiah Prakash; Rajagopal Thenmozhi; Sudharshan N. Raman; Chidambaram Subramanian. 2019. "Characterization of eco‐friendly steel fiber‐reinforced concrete containing waste coconut shell as coarse aggregates and fly ash as partial cement replacement." Structural Concrete 21, no. 1: 437-447.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2019 in Buildings
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Existing assessment tools have not been successfully used to evaluate the performance of the remedial treatment of concrete flat roofs by building users or building management personnel because they are complicated and difficult to be applied by non-experts. In this study, a semi-quantitative method has been developed to assess the quality of remedial treatment on concrete flat roofs of multiple buildings. A 10-point scale weighting was calculated based on the results of ranking, and then the score assessment scheme was developed. Results revealed that the repairing principles included protection against ingress (W = 7.25), physical resistance against ingress (W = 5.23), concrete restoration (W = 8.22), structural strengthening (W = 8.22), moisture control (W = 6.59), and chemical resistance (W = 4.57). The grouped principles included physical resistance (W = 6.24), structural stability (W = 8.22), and chemical resistance (W = 5.58). The scoring assessment scheme was applied to a remedial treatment on multilayer concrete flat roof which was treated with bituminous membrane. The assessment scheme was revised based on the surveyors’ comments and then verified by the experts. This assessment method secured and improved the quality of the remedial treatment, since the building management staff/owner successfully evaluated, controlled, and monitored the quality of remedial treatments.

ACS Style

Chin-Ong Woon; Sudharshan N. Raman; Safiuddin; Maslina Jamil; Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain. Development of an Assessment Method to Evaluate the Quality of Remedial Treatments on Concrete Flat Roofs of Multiple Buildings. Buildings 2019, 9, 124 .

AMA Style

Chin-Ong Woon, Sudharshan N. Raman, Safiuddin, Maslina Jamil, Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain. Development of an Assessment Method to Evaluate the Quality of Remedial Treatments on Concrete Flat Roofs of Multiple Buildings. Buildings. 2019; 9 (5):124.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chin-Ong Woon; Sudharshan N. Raman; Safiuddin; Maslina Jamil; Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain. 2019. "Development of an Assessment Method to Evaluate the Quality of Remedial Treatments on Concrete Flat Roofs of Multiple Buildings." Buildings 9, no. 5: 124.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2019 in Materials
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The mix design of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is complicated by the presence of many “ingredients.” The fundamental packing density allows a simpler mix design with fewer ingredients to achieve optimum packing density and dense microstructure. The optimum particle grading increases the flowability of UHPC and eliminates entrapped air. This study presents a simplified particle grading design approach that positively influences the strength, autogenous shrinkage, and microstructure characteristics of UHPC. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) of superior mechanical properties were added to enhance the strength of UHPC and to reduce its autogenous shrinkage. In addition, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) was used as a cement replacement material to reduce the amount of cement in UHPC mixes. Test results showed that the presence of homogeneously dispersed CNF increased the compressive strength and compensated the autogenous shrinkage of UHPC. The findings indicated that an ideal particle distribution, which is close to the modified Andreasen and Andersen grading model, contributed to achieving high compressive strength and CNFs were capable of providing nano-bridges to compensate the shrinkage caused by GGBS.

ACS Style

Jacob L. G. Lim; Sudharshan N. Raman; Safiuddin; Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain; Roszilah Hamid. Autogenous Shrinkage, Microstructure, and Strength of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Incorporating Carbon Nanofibers. Materials 2019, 12, 320 .

AMA Style

Jacob L. G. Lim, Sudharshan N. Raman, Safiuddin, Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain, Roszilah Hamid. Autogenous Shrinkage, Microstructure, and Strength of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Incorporating Carbon Nanofibers. Materials. 2019; 12 (2):320.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jacob L. G. Lim; Sudharshan N. Raman; Safiuddin; Muhammad Fauzi Mohd. Zain; Roszilah Hamid. 2019. "Autogenous Shrinkage, Microstructure, and Strength of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Incorporating Carbon Nanofibers." Materials 12, no. 2: 320.