Tequila vinasses is a mixture made from up to six still distillation two-stage process residual effluents. First stage fractions: residual must (60%), heads (0.9%) and tails (20.0%); second stage fractions: non-evaporated (8.0%), heads (0.1%) and tails (1.0%); the result is a more complex effluent for its treatment or biorefining. The objectives of this study were to: (a) characterize the five still distillation volatile streams in the Tequila 100% Agave processing; compounds: methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, sec-butanol, n-propanol, iso-butanol, n-butanol, iso-amyl, n-amyl, and ethyl lactate were detected by gas chromatography; calculated chemical oxygen demand from chemical composition had very high values (53,760–1,239,220 mg/L); measurement of pH (3.24–4.80), color (38.6 UC Pt-Co max), turbidity (46.1 max), electrical conductivity (3.30–172.20 μS/cm), and solid content (0 mg/L) was also made; (b) report an energy analysis (2.02 × 10⁹ KWh) and CO₂ production (429 × 10⁶ kg) in the Tequila industry during 2019; (c) up to date residues (365.2 × 10⁶ kg agave bagasse, 1146.1 × 10⁶ kg agave leaves and 3300.0 × 10⁶ L agave vinasse) in 2019; (d) economic analysis, current tequila vinasses treatment price is 16.00 USD/m³ but could reach a considerable fraction value if is bio-refined, a break down component analysis reach for five volatile streams $51.23–$140.00 USD/m³.

The objective of this article was to analyze the factors that determine the level of financial literacy in Mexican adults, the method used for the analysis was an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. The results reveal that age, marital status, education, number of dependents and income level in the central and southern regions were positively associated with the financial literacy index; while men and having a job were negatively associated. One of the limitations of the study lies in the number of observations regarding some variables considered. The originality of the work consists in the fact that evidence is provided considering the characteristics at the individual level for Mexico. The findings obtained can be useful for the design of public policies as well as serve as a basis for subsequent studies. Objective: The objective of conducting an investigation into the literality of financing may be to fully understand the specific provisions and clauses of financial contracts. This may include analyzing the terms and conditions set forth in loan agreements, lines of credit or other forms of financing to fully understand the obligations and responsibilities of the parties involved. Theoretical Framework: Various proposals have been developed to measure financial literacy/inclusion (BANAMEX, 2018; Dabla-Norris et al., 2015; OECD, 2018) however, in this work the methodology developed by OECD (2018) is used, said methodology can be adapted to the situation of each country. The ENIF 2018 incorporates questions that cover aspects of financial knowledge, behaviors and attitudes in adults from 18 to 70 years of age, where the maximum score obtained is seven, nine and five points for each aspect respectively, which gives a total of 21 points. The index is built from the sum of the points obtained in each aspect. Method: This sum is normalized to 100 to facilitate its interpretation (CNBV, 2019); a higher value implies greater financial literacy and a lower value the opposite. Context of financial education in Mexico The CNBV (2019) indicates that the financial literacy index for Mexico was located at a rating of 58.2 points; when broken down by components, it indicates that "financial knowledge" was located at 65.8 and Results and conclusion: Current Level of Financial Literacy: The level of financial literacy in Mexico has been determined to be relatively low, with a large proportion of the population lacking basic knowledge of financial issues. Impact on Financial Well-being: It has been shown that there is a direct correlation between the level of financial literacy and the economic well-being of individuals, highlighting the importance of improving education in this area to boost financial development and reduce economic insecurity. Demographic Gaps: Certain demographic groups, such as low-income people, youth and women, have been identified as facing greater challenges in terms of financial literacy, underscoring the need to adopt inclusive and targeted approaches to address these disparities. Importance of Financial Education: The relevance of promoting financial education programs from the early stages of life has been highlighted, both in the educational system and through community initiatives, to equip people with the necessary skills to make responsible financial decisions. and prepare them to face future economic challenges. Resarch implications: Awareness of the Importance of the Topic: Conducting research on financial literacy involves recognizing the critical relevance of this topic in today's society. This means understanding how a lack of financial literacy can negatively impact the lives of individuals and communities in terms of economic well-being, access to opportunities, and the ability to make informed decisions. Understanding the Causes and Consequences: The researcher must delve into the underlying causes of the lack of financial literacy, as well as the possible short- and long-term consequences for individuals and society as a whole. This involves analyzing factors such as access to financial education, the quality of the education received, socioeconomic and cultural barriers, among others. Identification of Areas of Improvement: Research can reveal specific areas where improvements are needed in terms of public policies, educational programs, financial services, and business practices. This may include recommendations to develop stronger school curricula, implement financial awareness campaigns, improve the accessibility of financial services, and promote transparency and accountability in the financial industry. Developing Innovative Solutions: By understanding the needs and challenges related to financial literacy, researchers can contribute to the development of innovative and effective solutions. This could involve creating interactive educational tools, designing training programs tailored to different demographic groups, or implementing financial technologies (fintech) that facilitate access to financial services and making informed decisions. Fostering Dialogue and Collaboration: Research can serve as a basis to foster dialogue between different actors, including government institutions, nonprofit organizations, private companies, academics, and civil society. This can lead to strategic collaborations and coordinated actions to address financial literacy challenges more effectively and sustainably. Originality/vulue: Awareness of the Importance of the Topic: Conducting research on financial literacy involves recognizing the critical relevance of this topic in today's society. This means understanding how a lack of financial literacy can negatively impact the lives of individuals and communities in terms of economic well-being, access to opportunities, and the ability to make informed decisions. Understanding the Causes and Consequences: The researcher must delve into the underlying causes of the lack of financial literacy, as well as the possible short-...

In Mexico, atrazine is widely used in agriculture to control broadleaf weeds. The objective of this research was to compare atrazine removal in water and energy consumption between an up-flow cylinder electro-oxidation reactor (UCER) and an up-flow rectangular electro-oxidation reactor (URER) using the response surface methodology. In each reactor, two titanium (Ti) mesh electrodes (cathodes) and one Titanium-Lead Dioxide (Ti-PbO2) mesh electrode (anode). Current intensity effects, electrolysis treatment time, and recirculation flow were evaluated. Synthetic water with 5 mg/L atrazine content was used. Optimum atrazine removal values were obtained at 2 A electric current, 180 min of treatment time, and 200 mL/min recirculation rate for both reactors: in these conditions an atrazine removal of 77.45% and 76.89% for URER and UCER respectively. However, energy consumption showed a significant difference of 137.45 kWh/m3 for URER and 73.63 kWh/m3 for UCER. Regarding energy efficiency, a 60% atrazine removal was reached in both reactors using less energy for UCER at (1.5 A–135 min–150 mL/min–25.8 kWh/m3) and for URER at (0.66 A–135 min–150 mL/min–20.12 kWh/m3).

The wastewaters of nejayote and food waste leachate are polluting effluents with a high load of organic matter that cause great problems when discharged to water receptors. In this work, we investigated the treatment of nejayote wastewaters and food waste leachate for the production of microalgae Scenedesmus acutus and Haematococcus pluvialis. For Scenedesmus acutus, treatment with 10% food waste leachate and 90% growth medium resulted in a concentration of 5.34 g/L in 20 days (μmax = 0.16/day). Meanwhile, 10% nejayote and 90% medium growth produced 4.45 g/L at 20 days (μmax = 0.13/d). A significant reduction of up to 82.6% ammonium, 84.1% orthophosphate, and 87.25% COD was also observed between the different treatments. For Haematococcus pluvialis, the treatment of 90% food waste leachate and 10% growth medium produced a concentration of 4.73 g/L at 6 days (μmax = 0.71/day), while the mixture of 25% najayote, 25% food waste leachate, and 50% growth medium produced a concentration of 5.5 g/L at 20 days (μmax = 0.25/dat). A reduction of up to 97.8% ammonia, 97.4% orthophosphate, and 73.19% COD was also recorded. These findings demonstrated the potential to cultivate microalgae and extract biomolecules for commercial purposes.

In this paper, the production of biomass, pigments, lipids, and carbohydrates and the elimination of ammonium and orthophosphate by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, grown in synthetic wastewater (SWW), were studied under different light intensities (3000–10,000 lux), pH (7.5–9.5) and daily illumination time (8–16 h). The best conditions for the autotrophic culture of microalgae were predicted using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the adaptation of the microalgae for this nutrient source was effective. The best conditions for the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in SWW were 8.44 pH and a light intensity of 8433 lux in the daily illumination time of 16 h. Under optimal conditions, the production of microalgal biomass, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, lipids and carbohydrates was 0.534 g/L, 7.46 mg/mL, 3.53 mg/mL, 2.01 mg/mL, 21.40% and 28.46%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of ammonium and orthophosphate from SWW were 97.66% and 58.78% in autotrophic cultures. This investigation introduces a new aspect by verifying the optimized cultivation conditions with real municipal wastewater, indicating that the procedure could be utilized for sustainable production of bioproducts and efficient treatment of municipal wastewater.

El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de describir desde una perspectiva cualitativa, la situación actual de las microempresas de la zona de Arandas, Jalisco, en las dimensiones administrativas, gestión y planeación de recursos; con la intención de identificar oportunidades de mejora que permitan la continuidad y la profesionalización de las mismas, además se expone cómo la mejora continua, alineada con la innovación amplía la perspectiva de la organización. La innovación parte de una necesidad de solucionar un problema y es necesario el conocimiento y la experiencia del individuo para resolverlo, si se incluye dentro de la cultura organizacional, la coexistencia controlada de la Mejora Continua y de la Innovación, se garantiza el camino a la competitividad y por supuesto, al logro de los objetivos. La importancia de lo anterior en las microempresas radica en la cantidad de establecimientos de este tipo que existen, ya que han proporcionado una de las mejores alternativas para la independencia económica, estas empresas representan una gran oportunidad, a través de la cual los grupos en desventaja económica han podido iniciar y consolidarse por méritos propios. Sin embargo, por la falta de planeación, control y la efectiva toma de decisiones, no logran la continuidad debido a situaciones que se les presentan en las diferentes dimensiones que en ellas conviven, como son la incapacidad para identificar las áreas de oportunidad para la innovación empresarial; es decir, contar con una estrategia de mejora definida, tener visión para identificar los requerimientos de la economía y del mercado, ser competitivos; comenzando por la gestión adecuada, oportuna y continua de recursos que permitan el posicionamiento y supervivencia de la microempresa en este mundo cambiante y globalizado.