Cutting-edge technologies are making inroads into new areas and this remarkable progress has been successfully influenced by the tiny level engineering of carbon dots technology, their synthesis advancement and impressive applications in the field of allied sciences. The advances of science and its conjugation with interdisciplinary fields emerged in carbon dots making, their controlled characterization and applications into faster, cheaper as well as more reliable products in various scientific domains. Thus, a new era in nanotechnology has developed into carbon dots technology. The understanding of the generation process, control on making processes and selected applications of carbon dots such as energy storage, environmental monitoring, catalysis, contaminates detections and complex environmental forensics, drug delivery, drug targeting and other biomedical applications, etc., are among the most promising applications of carbon dots and thus it is a prominent area of research today. In this regard, various types of carbon dot nanomaterials such as oxides, their composites and conjugations, etc., have been garnering significant attention due to their remarkable potential in this prominent area of energy, the environment and technology. Thus, the present paper highlights the role and importance of carbon dots, recent advancements in their synthesis methods, properties and emerging applications.

Nanomaterials have gained huge applications ever since their discoveries, especially in the field of electronics, medicine, research, and environmental cleanup. Nanomaterials have a high surface area‐to‐volume ratio along with high surface energies making them suitable for such wide applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanocomposite (CNC) materials are remarkable nanomaterials that have become the backbone of most industries these days. Both materials have gained huge attention in the last decade by the scientific community. CNTs come in two variants, i.e., single‐walled CNTs (SW‐CNTS) and multiwalled CNTs (MW‐CNTs). Due to their wider applications, CNT synthesis is currently emerging with the advancement in technology. Currently, CNTs are being synthesized by chemical as well as physical approaches. The current review article focuses on the vital research and application for the synthesis of CNTs depending on the quality of the nanotube materials. Controlled routes to their organization and assembly are also discussed in detail over here. The aim is to provide recent advances in the synthesis methods, of CNTs, their current applications, future applications, and the potential of agrowaste and industrial waste for the synthesis of CNTs and nanomaterials.

Siderophores are iron grabbers and are classified according to the ligands used to chelate the ferric iron. The role of siderophores is to scavenge iron and make it accessible to the cell. It has crucial applications in industries, medical, research, and environmental clean-up. In the current research work, the authors attempted to isolate and characterize a few siderophores producing bacteria from the coal samples, collected from the Bharat Aluminum Company Ltd. Chhattisgarh. The quantitative and qualitative assay for siderophores producing bacteria (SPB) was carried by Chrome Azurol Sulfonate agar test for all the ten samples and positive results were observed only in two strains, i.e., B6 and B7 when grown in iron-deficient succinate medium in an incubator shaker for 48 h at 120 rpm. The biochemical tests revealed that the B6 and B7 strains have similarities to Bacillus sp. and Vibrio sp., respectively. The study reflects the potential of these strains as effective siderophores producers and holds a noteworthy perspective in further industrial and research applications.

The development of a device that can determine the analyte/chemicals in a particular medium within the limits in a precise, sensitive and reproducible manner is a great challenge and desire of any applicable sensing technology. A sensor that can sense single/multifarious targets in the affordable, fast, selective, sensitive and portable design is a burning topic and a demand in various fields involving chemicals evaluation, analysis and detection, such as environmental, biomedical, agricultural, industrial, food articles and health-hazard-safety sectors, among others. The current technological shifts and necessities of challenging and rapidly changing sensing situations made remarkable developments and advancements in the field of different attributes of physics and design of sensing devices and associated technologies. Thus the present chapter highlights the benefits, importance and scope of different attributes of physics and design of sensing devices and associated technologies. The work emphasizes the history of sensing devices as well as an update in this domain by using selective case studies on physics and devices such as chemical sensors, nanosensors and nanobiosensors. The chapter also discusses some of the bottlenecks and key challenges regarding this domain, along with future prospects, to understand the potential and importance of this topic in detail. Thus, the chapter provides a clear-cut vision for readers to understand the importance of physics, design and associated attributes in sensors/sensing technology and their advancements.