Land-use change is an important contributor to atmospheric carbon emissions. Taking Jinhua city in eastern China as an example, this study analyzed the effects on carbon emissions by land-use changes from 2005 to 2018. Then, carbon emissions that will be produced in Jinhua in 2030 were predicted based on the land-use pattern predicted by the CA-Markov model. Finally, a low-carbon optimized land-use pattern more consistent with the law of urban development was proposed based on the prediction and planning model used in this study. The results show that (1) from 2005 to 2018, the area of land used for construction in Jinhua continued to increase, while woodland and cultivated land areas decreased. Carbon emissions from land use rose at a high rate. By 2018, carbon emissions had increased by 1.9 times compared to 2015. (2) During the 2010–2015 period, the total concentration of carbon emissions decreased due to decreases in both the rate of growth in construction land and the rate of decline in a woodland area, as well as an adjustment of the energy structure and the use of polluting fertilizer and pesticide treatments. (3) The carbon emissions produced with an optimal land-use pattern in 2030 are predicted to reduce by 19%. The acreage of woodland in Jinhua’s middle basin occupied by construction land and cultivated land is predicted to reduce. The additional construction land will be concentrated around the main axis of the Jinhua-Yiwu metropolitan area and will exhibit a characteristic ribbon-form with more distinct clusters. The optimized land-use pattern is more conducive to carbon reduction and more in line with the strategy of regional development in the study area. The results of this study can be used as technical support to optimize the land-use spatial pattern and reduce urban land’s contribution to carbon emissions.

Production–living–ecological space (PLES) is the main body of the optimization of the development and protection pattern of territorial space, and the spatial conflict in PLES reflects a struggle for ecological protection and socio-economic development in the process of spatial development and utilization. The Yellow River Basin is one of the most concentrated and prominent areas of spatial conflict of PLES in China. Therefore, clarifying the spatio-temporal pattern of PLES of the region and scientifically identifying the characteristics of its spatial conflict will significantly improve the efficiency of comprehensive utilization of spatial resources, promote the integrated and orderly development of resource elements in the basin, and eventually achieve the strategic goals of ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. In this research, the CA–Markov model was applied to simulate the spatio-temporal pattern of PLES in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2025, and the landscape ecology method was adopted to construct the spatial conflict of the PLES measurement model for identifying the spatio-temporal trends of conflicts and their intensity. The results reveal that, from 2010 to 2025, ecological–production space (EPS) dominates the PLES in the Yellow River Basin, as its total area remains stable amid fluctuations; living–production space (LPS) shows the most notable change, as it grows yearly along with urbanization and industrialization process of the region; the transition between ecological–production space (EPS) and production–ecological space (PES) is the most frequent, and the two also account for the largest area. Spatial conflict of PLES in the Yellow River Basin is mainly reflected in the encroachment of LPS on other PLES, concentrated in the regions from Hekou Town to the left bank of Longmen, Fen River, Shizuishan to the southern bank of Hekou Town, and Daxia River and Tao River in the Yellow River Basin. From 2010 to 2025, the space conflict composite index of PLES (SCCI) of most regions in the basin lies within 0.7, which is a stable or basically controllable level. Among the 29 tertiary water resource divisions in the Yellow River Basin, the SCCI of 15 indicate a major, decreasing trend.

Urban development and coal extraction have caused conflicts regarding production, living, and ecological lands in the Yellow River basin. Here, a coupled genetic algorithm–patch generating land use simulation InVEST model was constructed to optimize land use/land cover (LULC) and simulate carbon storage changes. This study shows that the LULC changed dramatically from 2010 to 2020 in an area that accounts for 31.96% of the area of the Yellow River basin. Inappropriate land use conversion and encroachment have reduced carbon storage by 2.92 × 10⁶ t, destroying the stability of the ecosystem. The development of cities has encroached on cultivated land, which may have affected the region’s food security. Following LULC optimization, ecological and cultivated lands are gradually being restored, and the transition between the different lands tends to be orderly, resulting in an increase of 24.84 × 10⁶ t in carbon storage. The relationship between LULC and carbon storage shows that the high carbon intensity of woodland, grassland, and cultivated land is crucial to ensuring regional carbon balance. For the Yellow River basin, necessary environmental protection measures are the key to achieving high-quality economic development. This study can provide guidance for decision-makers in formulating ecosystem restoration plans.

Due to the extensive excavation of the mine pit, a special frozen rock slope is formed, which transforms the permafrost (coal rock) of certain thickness in the frozen state to the melting state. To evaluate the dynamic mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of coal under cyclic freeze-thaw conditions, freeze-thaw experiments with different cycle times were conducted. And the mechanical properties of coal under quasistatic and dynamic conditions were investigated by using GCTS multifunctional rock mechanic experimental apparatus and SHPB dynamic loading apparatus, respectively. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thawing times, mass of both water-saturated and dried coal samples gradually decreased, the postpeak becomes gentler, and the specimens show ductile damage characteristics. The damage of the coal samples changed more after 30 freeze-thaw cycles, when deterioration of the coal samples was highest. The elastic modulus of the coal sample after freeze-thawing decreases continuously with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, and its trend decreases approximately linearly. Dynamic compressive strength of the coal samples decreases after freeze-thaw cycles, and this trend is consistent with the quasistatic loading conditions.

The evolution of strain energy density of outburst-prone coal is of great significance for analyzing the characteristics of energy accumulation and release in coal and rock masses. The dynamic mechanical properties of coal samples were tested by using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. Dynamic tensile mechanical properties, layered effect and density evolution characteristics of strain energy for coal were studied. The dynamic failure and crack propagation process of the specimen were recorded with a high-speed camera. In addition, a digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to analyze the evolution characteristics of the strain field during the deformation process of the specimen. The distribution characteristics of the particle fragments were statistically analyzed. The results show that the bedding orientation of the coal has a significant effect on its deformation and damage features. The presence of weak planes, microcracks and laminae causes its shear damage zone to behave more complex. If the crack plane coincides with the high shear stress plane, the developed shear cracks extend along the weak laminae and the shear damage zones in BD specimens are not symmetrically distributed. When the laminated surface of the coal sample is at a certain angle with the impact loading direction, the damage mode is coupled with tensile and shear damage. The percentage mass distribution of particles and fines increases with increasing bedding orientation. The effect of water on the dynamic damage of coal samples is significant. Based on the principle of pressure expansion of wing-shaped cracks, the formula for calculating the dynamic strength of water-saturated coal samples under dynamic loading was derived.

Drinking water quality is one of the most important factors affecting human health. The task of the waterworks is to purify raw water into drinking water. The quality of drinking water depends on two major factors: the raw water quality, and the treatment measures that are applied in the waterworks. Since the raw water quality develops over time, it must be determined whether the treatment measures currently used are also suitable when the raw water quality changes. For this reason, a hydrogeochemical model relevant to the drinking water quality during the treatment process was developed. By comparing the modeled results with the measured values, with the exception of chloride and sodium, all other relevant water quality parameters were consistent with one another. Therefore, the model proved to be plausible. This was also supported by the results of mass balance. The model can be used to forecast the development of drinking water quality, and can be applied as a tool to optimize the treatment measures if the raw water conditions change in the future.