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Background: Caffeine is a widely recognized ergogenic aid for enhancing exercise performance. However, its effect on throwing performance has been less studied, yielding contradictory results. Objectives: The main aim of the study was to analyze the potential ergogenic effects of a moderate dose of caffeine (3 mg·kg−1 body mass) on vertical jump performance and throwing distance during a simulated competition in trained discus and hammer throwers. Methods: In a randomized, counterbalanced, and repeated measures design, 14 well-trained throwers (9 hammer throwers and 5 discus throwers; age 24.8 ± 6.3 years old, training 14.9 ± 5.0 h per week, competing experience 10.5 ± 6.1 years) performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a modified throw, and a complete throw after the ingestion of 3 mg·kg⁻¹ body mass of caffeine or a placebo. Each participant performed three maximal-effort valid modified throws of his/her respective event (i.e., hammer or discus throw), plus three maximal-effort valid official throws (up to five tries, respectively, in case any attempt was called as foul). Throwing distance was measured according to World Athletics regulations using a metal tape, while release speed was assessed with a radar device. After the performance measurements, participants completed a form about side effects prevalence. Results: Caffeine, compared to placebo, increased throw distance (3.0 ± 5.1%, p = 0.048) and speed release (5.7 ± 8.7%, p = 0.03) for the complete throw, and distance (3.6 ± 4.4%, p = 0.01) and speed release (4.8 ± 7.4 %, p = 0.01) for the modified throw. Caffeine ingestion did not significantly improve jump height (1.1 ± 4.3%, p = 0.28), although it improved force and power on braking and the propulsive phases of the CMJ (p < 0.05). Caffeine only increased the prevalence of activeness (p < 0.05). Conclusions: An acute moderate dose of caffeine enhanced hammer and discus throw performance in well-trained throwers during a simulated competitive setting, with minimal adverse side effects.
César Gallo-Salazar; Juan Del Coso; Beatriz Lara; Millán Aguilar-Navarro; Verónica Giráldez-Costas; Francisco Areces; Carlos Revuelta; Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín; Juan José Salinero. Caffeine Enhances Some Aspects of Physical Performance in Well-Trained Hammer and Discus Throwers. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3908 .
AMA StyleCésar Gallo-Salazar, Juan Del Coso, Beatriz Lara, Millán Aguilar-Navarro, Verónica Giráldez-Costas, Francisco Areces, Carlos Revuelta, Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín, Juan José Salinero. Caffeine Enhances Some Aspects of Physical Performance in Well-Trained Hammer and Discus Throwers. Nutrients. 2024; 16 (22):3908.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCésar Gallo-Salazar; Juan Del Coso; Beatriz Lara; Millán Aguilar-Navarro; Verónica Giráldez-Costas; Francisco Areces; Carlos Revuelta; Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín; Juan José Salinero. 2024. "Caffeine Enhances Some Aspects of Physical Performance in Well-Trained Hammer and Discus Throwers." Nutrients 16, no. 22: 3908.
This study explores the impact of initial substrate concentrations on biomass growth, hydrogen production, and acid generation during acidogenic fermentation of a synthetic fruit juice wastewater. Four substrate concentrations, within the range 0.30–2.12 C mol·L−1, were tested using a mixed acidogenic bacterial culture. Batch reactors were employed to conduct the study, and the results were analyzed to determine inhibition effects. The highest hydrogen production (6.1 L H2·substrate C mol−1) and hydrogen percentage in the gas phase (57%) were achieved at a substrate concentration of 0.30 C mol·L−1. Higher substrate concentrations reduced the hydrogen production due to substrate and product inhibition events. The maximum H2 potential production was 4.15 Nm3/m3 reactor at a substrate concentration of 0.91 C mol·L−1. Biomass growth and VFA production followed exponential trends at low substrate concentrations, 0.30 and 0.091 C mol·L−1, while high concentrations resulted in linear trends due to inhibition effects caused by the substrate. The main acids produced were lactic at low concentrations, and acetic when dealing with high concentrations. The highest final acid concentrations were obtained with the highest initial substrate concentration, but their yields were significantly lower due to the substrate and product inhibitions experienced by the biomass.
Encarnación Díaz Domínguez; María Eugenia Ibañez López; José Luis García Morales; Ester López-Fernández; Francisco Jesús Fernández-Morales. Dark Fermentation of Fruit Juice Effluents: Effects of Substrate Concentration. Applied Sciences 2024, 14, 10519 .
AMA StyleEncarnación Díaz Domínguez, María Eugenia Ibañez López, José Luis García Morales, Ester López-Fernández, Francisco Jesús Fernández-Morales. Dark Fermentation of Fruit Juice Effluents: Effects of Substrate Concentration. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14 (22):10519.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEncarnación Díaz Domínguez; María Eugenia Ibañez López; José Luis García Morales; Ester López-Fernández; Francisco Jesús Fernández-Morales. 2024. "Dark Fermentation of Fruit Juice Effluents: Effects of Substrate Concentration." Applied Sciences 14, no. 22: 10519.
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a condition whose acute exacerbations (AECOPD) are commonly faced by the emergency medical services (EMS), could modify the performance of the early warning scores (EWS). To assess the 2-day mortality predictive performance of five EWSs in patients with baseline COPD managed by an EMS with unselected acute diseases and to compare the EWS performance between those with AECOPD and those without.Methods: Prospective observational study of adults (>18 years) with a previous COPD diagnosis who were admitted to and transferred to the emergency department by the EMS due to an unselected acute disease, whether AECOPD or other according to the emergency medical team. Demographics, vital signs for the five EWS (NEWS2, qSOFA, qCSI, CURB-65, and BAP-65) calculations, and outcomes (hospital and ICU admission and 2-day mortality) were collected.Findings: A total of 1703 patients with COPD were selected, 524 with AECOPD and 1179 without. NEWS2 presented the highest predictive capacity for the global, AECOPD and non-AECOPD cohorts: AUC=0.880 (95%CI:0.84–0.91), AUC=0.775 (95%CI:0.68–0.86) and AUC=0.913 (95%CI:0.86–0.96), respectively.Interpretation: NEWS2 was the best predictive model for COPD, presenting excellent performance for the global and non-AECOPD cohorts but a decreased performance for the AECOPD cohort. Therefore, the NEWS2 may aid in EMS decision-making through appropriate risk assessment, but its use in COPD patients with AECOPD should be handled with care due to decreased performance.
Enrique Castro-Portillo; Joan B. Soriano; Raúl López-Izquierdo; Carlos del Pozo Vegas; José L. Martín-Conty; Irene Sánchez Soberón; Juan F. Delgado Benito; Begoña Polonio-López; Manuel Sánchez-De-La-Torre; Miguel Á. Castro Villamor; Ancor Sanz-García; Francisco Martín-Rodríguez. Accuracy of early warning scores for predicting clinical worsening in COPD patients. ERJ Open Research 2024 .
AMA StyleEnrique Castro-Portillo, Joan B. Soriano, Raúl López-Izquierdo, Carlos del Pozo Vegas, José L. Martín-Conty, Irene Sánchez Soberón, Juan F. Delgado Benito, Begoña Polonio-López, Manuel Sánchez-De-La-Torre, Miguel Á. Castro Villamor, Ancor Sanz-García, Francisco Martín-Rodríguez. Accuracy of early warning scores for predicting clinical worsening in COPD patients. ERJ Open Research. 2024; ():.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEnrique Castro-Portillo; Joan B. Soriano; Raúl López-Izquierdo; Carlos del Pozo Vegas; José L. Martín-Conty; Irene Sánchez Soberón; Juan F. Delgado Benito; Begoña Polonio-López; Manuel Sánchez-De-La-Torre; Miguel Á. Castro Villamor; Ancor Sanz-García; Francisco Martín-Rodríguez. 2024. "Accuracy of early warning scores for predicting clinical worsening in COPD patients." ERJ Open Research , no. : .
