The vectors of bluetongue virus are certain species of Culicoides biting midges, and in the Mediterranean area Culicoides imicola has long been considered to be the only field vector. In Sicily an entomological and serological surveillance programme has been in operation since the autumn of 2000, which has shown that the prevalence and abundance of C imicola is lower than in many other Italian regions. Moreover, in 2002, there were outbreaks of bluetongue in the absence of C imicola , and in these regions bluetongue viral RNA was detected by means of a nested reverse‐transcriptase PCR in wild‐caught, non‐blood‐engorged, parous Culicoides pulicaris . Furthermore, bluetongue virus serotype 2 was isolated on five occasions from extracts of non‐blood‐engorged parous C pulicaris by using embryonated hens eggs and BHK‐21 cells as assay systems. These findings suggest that in parts of Italy and possibly in other areas of Europe, where C imicola is absent or rare, C pulicaris may act as a fully competent vector of bluetongue virus.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate total serum protein concentration measured by the biuret reaction as well as albumin and globulin protein fractions determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. These data were used to establish reference intervals in dairy cows of different ages. Blood was collected from 111 clinically healthy Modicana dairy cows by means of jugular venipuncture. Reference intervals (mean ± standard deviation) were determined for total protein (67.54 ± 11.53 g/l), albumin (31.86 ± 4.60 g/l), α₁-globulin (5.77 ± 2.20 g/l), α₂-globulin (5.84 ± 1.90 g/l), β-globulin (7.46 ± 1.94 g/l), and γ-globulin (16.73 ± 4.54 g/l) concentrations as well as for albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio (0.88 ± 0.43). Values from 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old cows were compared statistically. One-way analysis of variance showed age-related differences for α-globulin and β-globulin fractions only. The results of the current study provide reference intervals for total protein concentration as well as albumin and globulin protein fractions in 2- to 6-year-old dairy cows.

Water and sediment from Faro and Ganzirri lakes were tested for cadmium, mercury, and lead. These heavy metals have been assessed in serum and muscles of Striped Mullet Mugil cephalus. A haemogram was performed to find effects of heavy metals on haematological variables. Student's t‐test showed higher Pb levels in sediments of Ganzirri Lake than Faro Lake. Two‐way analysis of variance showed higher Cd and Pb concentration in muscles samples of Striped Mullet from Ganzirri Lake than from Faro Lake. Significant differences were found among haematological parameters as well. Mullet from Ganzirri Lake had lower white and red blood cell and trombocyte counts and higher mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration than those from Faro Lake. Our results indicate a significant presence of lead in the environmental produces an accumulation of this metal in fish muscles. Received April 2, 2014; accepted June 16, 2014.

High-fat diet (HFD) induces inflammation and microbial dysbiosis, which are components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutritional strategies can be a valid tool to prevent metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if the chronic intake of pistachio prevents obesity-associated inflammation and dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Three groups of male mice (four weeks old; n = 8 per group) were fed for 16 weeks with a standard diet (STD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with pistachios (HFD-P; 180 g/kg of HFD). Serum, hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation markers were analyzed in HFD-P animals and compared to HFD and STD groups. Measures of inflammation, obesity, and intestinal integrity were assessed. Fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota analysis. Serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P compared to HFD. Number and area of adipocytes, crown-like structure density, IL-1β, TNF-α, F4-80, and CCL-2 mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in HFD-P subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues, compared to HFD. A significant reduction in the number of inflammatory foci and IL-1β and CCL-2 gene expression was observed in the liver of HFD-P mice compared with HFD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was reduced in HFD-P mice in comparison to the HFD group. A pistachio diet significantly increased abundance of healthy bacteria genera such as Parabacteroides, Dorea, Allobaculum, Turicibacter, Lactobacillus, and Anaeroplasma, and greatly reduced bacteria associated with inflammation, such as Oscillospira, Desulfovibrio, Coprobacillus, and Bilophila. The intestinal conductance was lower in HFD-P mice than in the HFD mice, suggesting an improvement in the gut barrier function. The results of the present study showed that regular pistachio consumption improved inflammation in obese mice. The positive effects could be related to positive modulation of the microbiota composition.