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This work deals with the prediction of variables for a hydrogen energy storage system integrated into a microgrid. Due to the fact that this kind of system has a nonlinear behaviour, the use of traditional techniques is not accurate enough to generate good models of the system under study. Then, a hybrid intelligent system, based on clustering and regression techniques, has been developed and implemented to predict the power, the hydrogen level and the hydrogen system degradation. In this research, a hybrid intelligent model was created and validated over a dataset from a lab-size migrogrid. The achieved results show a better performance than other well-known classical regression methods, allowing us to predict the hydrogen consumption/generation with a mean absolute error of 0.63% with the test dataset respect to the maximum power of the system.
José-Luis Casteleiro-Roca; Francisco Vivas; Francisca Segura; Antonio Barragán; Jose Calvo-Rolle; José Andújar. Hybrid Intelligent Modelling in Renewable Energy Sources-Based Microgrid. A Variable Estimation of the Hydrogen Subsystem Oriented to the Energy Management Strategy. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10566 .
AMA StyleJosé-Luis Casteleiro-Roca, Francisco Vivas, Francisca Segura, Antonio Barragán, Jose Calvo-Rolle, José Andújar. Hybrid Intelligent Modelling in Renewable Energy Sources-Based Microgrid. A Variable Estimation of the Hydrogen Subsystem Oriented to the Energy Management Strategy. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10566.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé-Luis Casteleiro-Roca; Francisco Vivas; Francisca Segura; Antonio Barragán; Jose Calvo-Rolle; José Andújar. 2020. "Hybrid Intelligent Modelling in Renewable Energy Sources-Based Microgrid. A Variable Estimation of the Hydrogen Subsystem Oriented to the Energy Management Strategy." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10566.
Although the cure for the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) will come in the form of pharmaceutical solutions and/or a vaccine, one of the only ways to face it at present is to guarantee the best quality of health for patients, so that they can overcome the disease on their own. Therefore, and considering that COVID-19 generally causes damage to the respiratory system (in the form of lung infection), it is essential to ensure the best pulmonary ventilation for the patient. However, depending on the severity of the disease and the health condition of the patient, the situation can become critical when the patient has respiratory distress or becomes unable to breathe on his/her own. In that case, the ventilator becomes the lifeline of the patient. This device must keep patients stable until, on their own or with the help of medications, they manage to overcome the lung infection. However, with thousands or hundreds of thousands of infected patients, no country has enough ventilators. If this situation has become critical in the Global North, it has turned disastrous in developing countries, where ventilators are even more scarce. This article shows the race against time of a multidisciplinary research team at the University of Huelva, UHU, southwest of Spain, to develop an inexpensive, multifunctional, and easy-to-manufacture ventilator, which has been named ResUHUrge. The device meets all medical requirements and is developed with open-source hardware and software.
Francisco José Vivas Fernández; José Sánchez Segovia; Ismael Martel Bravo; Carlos García Ramos; Daniel Ruiz Castilla; José Gamero López; José Manuel Andújar Márquez. ResUHUrge: A Low Cost and Fully Functional Ventilator Indicated for Application in COVID-19 Patients. Sensors 2020, 20, 6774 .
AMA StyleFrancisco José Vivas Fernández, José Sánchez Segovia, Ismael Martel Bravo, Carlos García Ramos, Daniel Ruiz Castilla, José Gamero López, José Manuel Andújar Márquez. ResUHUrge: A Low Cost and Fully Functional Ventilator Indicated for Application in COVID-19 Patients. Sensors. 2020; 20 (23):6774.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco José Vivas Fernández; José Sánchez Segovia; Ismael Martel Bravo; Carlos García Ramos; Daniel Ruiz Castilla; José Gamero López; José Manuel Andújar Márquez. 2020. "ResUHUrge: A Low Cost and Fully Functional Ventilator Indicated for Application in COVID-19 Patients." Sensors 20, no. 23: 6774.
This article presents a methodological foundation to design and experimentally test a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) to be applied in renewable source-based microgrids with hydrogen as backup. The Model Predictive Controller has been developed with the aim to guarantee the best energy distribution while the microgrid operation is optimized considering both technical and economic parameters. As a differentiating element, this proposal provides a solution to the problem of energy management in real systems, addressing technological challenges such as charge management in topologies with direct battery connection, or loss of performance associated with equipment degradation or the required dynamics in the operation of hydrogen systems. That is, the proposed Model Predictive Controller achieves the optimization of microgrid operation both in the short and in the long-term basis. For this purpose, a generalized multi-objective function has been defined that considers the energy demand, operating costs, system performance as well as the suffered and accumulated degradation by microgrid elements throughout their lifespan. The generality in the definition of the model and cost function, allows multi-objective optimization problems to be raised depending on the application, topology or design criteria to be considered. For this purpose, a heuristic methodology based on artificial intelligence techniques is presented for the tuning of the controller parameters. The Model Predictive Controller has been validated by simulation and experimental tests in a case study, where the performance of the microgrid under energy excess and deficit situations has been tested, considering the constrains defined by the degradation of the systems that make up the microgrid. The designed controller always made it possible to guarantee both the power balance and the optimal energy distribution between systems according to the predefined priority and accumulated degradation, while guaranteeing the maximum operating voltage of the system with a margin of error less than 1%. The simulation and experimental results for the case study showed the validity of the controller and the design methodology used.
Francisco J. Vivas Fernández; Francisca Segura Manzano; José Manuel Andújar Márquez; Antonio J. Calderón Godoy. Extended Model Predictive Controller to Develop Energy Management Systems in Renewable Source-Based Smart Microgrids with Hydrogen as Backup. Theoretical Foundation and Case Study. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8969 .
AMA StyleFrancisco J. Vivas Fernández, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Manuel Andújar Márquez, Antonio J. Calderón Godoy. Extended Model Predictive Controller to Develop Energy Management Systems in Renewable Source-Based Smart Microgrids with Hydrogen as Backup. Theoretical Foundation and Case Study. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8969.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco J. Vivas Fernández; Francisca Segura Manzano; José Manuel Andújar Márquez; Antonio J. Calderón Godoy. 2020. "Extended Model Predictive Controller to Develop Energy Management Systems in Renewable Source-Based Smart Microgrids with Hydrogen as Backup. Theoretical Foundation and Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8969.
This paper proposes a multi-objective model predictive control (MPC) designed for the power management of a multi-stack fuel cell (FC) system integrated into a renewable sources-based microgrid. The main advantage of MPC is the fact that it allows the current timeslot to be optimized while taking future timeslots into account. The multi-objective function solves the problem related to the power dispatch at time that includes criteria to reduce the multi-stack FC degradation, operating and maintenance costs, as well as hydrogen consumption. Regarding the scientific literature, the novelty of this paper lies in the proposal of a generalized MPC controller for a multi-stack FC that can be used independently of the number of stacks that make it up. Although all the stacks that make up the modular FC system are identical, their levels of degradation, in general, will not be. Thus, over time, each stack can present a different behavior. Therefore, the power control strategy cannot be based on an equal distribution according to the nominal power of each stack. On the contrary, the control algorithm should take advantage of the characteristics of the multi-stack FC concept, distributing operation across all the stacks regarding their capacity to produce power/energy, and optimizing the overall performance.
Antonio José Calderón; Francisco José Vivas; Francisca Segura; José Manuel Andújar. Integration of a Multi-Stack Fuel Cell System in Microgrids: A Solution Based on Model Predictive Control. Energies 2020, 13, 4924 .
AMA StyleAntonio José Calderón, Francisco José Vivas, Francisca Segura, José Manuel Andújar. Integration of a Multi-Stack Fuel Cell System in Microgrids: A Solution Based on Model Predictive Control. Energies. 2020; 13 (18):4924.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio José Calderón; Francisco José Vivas; Francisca Segura; José Manuel Andújar. 2020. "Integration of a Multi-Stack Fuel Cell System in Microgrids: A Solution Based on Model Predictive Control." Energies 13, no. 18: 4924.
This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for microgrids with a combined battery and hydrogen energy storage system (ESS), which ensures the power balance according to the load demand at the time that it takes into account the improvement of the microgrid performance from a technical and economic point of view. As is known, renewable energy-based microgrids are receiving increasing interest in the research community, since they play a key role in the challenge of designing the next energy transition model. The integration of ESSs allows the absorption of the energy surplus in the microgrid to ensure power supply if the renewable resource is insufficient and the microgrid is isolated. If the microgrid can be connected to the main power grid, the freedom degrees increase and this allows, among other things, diminishment of the ESS size. Planning the operation of renewable sources-based microgrids requires both an efficient dispatching management between the available and the demanded energy and a reliable forecasting tool. The developed EMS is based on a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), which presents different advantages regarding other controllers: It is not necessary to know the model of the plant, and the linguistic rules that make up its inference engine are easily interpretable. These rules can incorporate expert knowledge, which simplifies the microgrid management, generally complex. The developed EMS has been subjected to a stress test that has demonstrated its excellent behavior. For that, a residential-type profile in an actual microgrid has been used. The developed fuzzy logic-based EMS, in addition to responding to the required load demand, can meet both technical (to prolong the devices’ lifespan) and economic (seeking the highest profitability and efficiency) established criteria, which can be introduced by the expert depending on the microgrid characteristic and profile demand to accomplish.
Francisco José Vivas; Francisca Segura; José Manuel Andújar; Adriana Palacio; Jaime Luis Saenz; Fernando Isorna; Eduardo López. Multi-objective Fuzzy Logic-based Energy Management System for Microgrids with Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage System. Electronics 2020, 9, 1074 .
AMA StyleFrancisco José Vivas, Francisca Segura, José Manuel Andújar, Adriana Palacio, Jaime Luis Saenz, Fernando Isorna, Eduardo López. Multi-objective Fuzzy Logic-based Energy Management System for Microgrids with Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage System. Electronics. 2020; 9 (7):1074.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco José Vivas; Francisca Segura; José Manuel Andújar; Adriana Palacio; Jaime Luis Saenz; Fernando Isorna; Eduardo López. 2020. "Multi-objective Fuzzy Logic-based Energy Management System for Microgrids with Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage System." Electronics 9, no. 7: 1074.
The progressive increase in hydrogen technologies’ role in transport, mobility, electrical microgrids, and even in residential applications, as well as in other sectors is expected. However, to achieve it, it is necessary to focus efforts on improving features of hydrogen-based systems, such as efficiency, start-up time, lifespan, and operating power range, among others. A key sector in the development of hydrogen technology is its production, renewable if possible, with the objective to obtain increasingly efficient, lightweight, and durable electrolyzers. For this, scientific works are currently being produced on stacks technology improvement (mainly based on two technologies: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline) and on the balance of plant (BoP) or the industrial plant (its size depends on the power of the electrolyzer) that runs the stack for its best performance. PEM technology offers distinct advantages, apart from the high cost of its components, its durability that is not yet guaranteed and the availability in the MW range. Therefore, there is an open field of research for achievements in this technology. The two elements to improve are the stacks and BoP, also bearing in mind that improving BoP will positively affect the stack operation. This paper develops the design, implementation, and practical experimentation of a BoP for a medium-size PEM electrolyzer. It is based on the realization of the optimal design of the BoP, paying special attention to the subsystems that comprise it: the power supply subsystem, water management subsystem, hydrogen production subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. Based on this, a control logic has been developed that guarantees efficient and safe operation. Experimental results validate the designed control logic in various operating cases, including warning and failure cases. Additionally, the experimental results show the correct operation in the different states of the plant, analyzing the evolution of the hydrogen flow pressure and temperature. The capacity of the developed PEM electrolysis plant is probed regarding its production rate, wide operating power range, reduced pressurization time, and high efficiency.
Julio José Caparrós Mancera; Francisca Segura Manzano; José Manuel Andújar; Francisco José Vivas; Antonio José Calderón. An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation. Electronics 2020, 9, 871 .
AMA StyleJulio José Caparrós Mancera, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Manuel Andújar, Francisco José Vivas, Antonio José Calderón. An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation. Electronics. 2020; 9 (5):871.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulio José Caparrós Mancera; Francisca Segura Manzano; José Manuel Andújar; Francisco José Vivas; Antonio José Calderón. 2020. "An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation." Electronics 9, no. 5: 871.
The growth of the world’s energy demand over recent decades in relation to energy intensity and demography is clear. At the same time, the use of renewable energy sources is pursued to address decarbonization targets, but the stochasticity of renewable energy systems produces an increasing need for management systems to supply such energy volume while guaranteeing, at the same time, the security and reliability of the microgrids. Locally distributed energy storage systems (ESS) may provide the capacity to temporarily decouple production and demand. In this sense, the most implemented ESS in local energy districts are small–medium-scale electrochemical batteries. However, hydrogen systems are viable for storing larger energy quantities thanks to its intrinsic high mass-energy density. To match generation, demand and storage, energy management systems (EMSs) become crucial. This paper compares two strategies for an energy management system based on hydrogen-priority vs. battery-priority for the operation of a hybrid renewable microgrid. The overall performance of the two mentioned strategies is compared in the long-term operation via a set of evaluation parameters defined by the unmet load, storage efficiency, operating hours and cumulative energy. The results show that the hydrogen-priority strategy allows the microgrid to be led towards island operation because it saves a higher amount of energy, while the battery-priority strategy reduces the energy efficiency in the storage round trip. The main contribution of this work lies in the demonstration that conventional EMS for microgrids’ operation based on battery-priority strategy should turn into hydrogen-priority to keep the reliability and independence of the microgrid in the long-term operation.
Andrea Monforti Ferrario; Francisco José Vivas; Francisca Segura Manzano; José Manuel Andújar; Enrico Bocci; Luigi Martirano. Hydrogen vs. Battery in the Long-term Operation. A Comparative Between Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Microgrids. Electronics 2020, 9, 698 .
AMA StyleAndrea Monforti Ferrario, Francisco José Vivas, Francisca Segura Manzano, José Manuel Andújar, Enrico Bocci, Luigi Martirano. Hydrogen vs. Battery in the Long-term Operation. A Comparative Between Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Microgrids. Electronics. 2020; 9 (4):698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Monforti Ferrario; Francisco José Vivas; Francisca Segura Manzano; José Manuel Andújar; Enrico Bocci; Luigi Martirano. 2020. "Hydrogen vs. Battery in the Long-term Operation. A Comparative Between Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Renewable Microgrids." Electronics 9, no. 4: 698.
In this work, a new low-cost and high-performance system for cells voltage monitoring and degradation studies in air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells has been designed, built and validated in the laboratory under experimental conditions. This system allows monitoring in real time the cells’ voltages, the stack current and temperature in fuel cells made of up to 100 cells. The developed system consists of an acquisition system, which complies with all the recommendations and features necessary to perform degradation tests. It is a scalable configuration with a low number of components and great simplicity. Additionally, the cell voltage monitoring (CVM) system offers high rate of accuracy and high reliability and low cost in comparison with other commercial systems. In the same way, looking for an "All-in-One" solution, the acquisition hardware is accompanied by a software tool based on the "plug and play" philosophy. It allows in a simple way obtaining information from the cells and performing a degradation analysis based on the study of the polarisation curve. The different options and tools included in the CVM system permit, in a very intuitive and graphical way, detecting and quantifying the cell degradation without the need of isolating the stack from the system. Experimental tests carried out on the system validate its performance and show the great applicability of the system in cases where cell faults detection and degradation analysis are required.
Francisco José Vivas; Ainhoa De Las Heras; Francisca Segura; José Manuel Andújar. Cell voltage monitoring All-in-One. A new low cost solution to perform degradation analysis on air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 12842 -12856.
AMA StyleFrancisco José Vivas, Ainhoa De Las Heras, Francisca Segura, José Manuel Andújar. Cell voltage monitoring All-in-One. A new low cost solution to perform degradation analysis on air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2019; 44 (25):12842-12856.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancisco José Vivas; Ainhoa De Las Heras; Francisca Segura; José Manuel Andújar. 2019. "Cell voltage monitoring All-in-One. A new low cost solution to perform degradation analysis on air-cooled polymer electrolyte fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 25: 12842-12856.
F.J. Vivas; A. De Las Heras; F. Segura; J.M. Andújar. H2RES2 simulator. A new solution for hydrogen hybridization with renewable energy sources-based systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2017, 42, 13510 -13531.
AMA StyleF.J. Vivas, A. De Las Heras, F. Segura, J.M. Andújar. H2RES2 simulator. A new solution for hydrogen hybridization with renewable energy sources-based systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017; 42 (19):13510-13531.
Chicago/Turabian StyleF.J. Vivas; A. De Las Heras; F. Segura; J.M. Andújar. 2017. "H2RES2 simulator. A new solution for hydrogen hybridization with renewable energy sources-based systems." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 19: 13510-13531.