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The national targets of reaching carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060 propose higher requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction of China’s automobile industry. As an important measure for the government, the fuel consumption and new energy vehicle (NEV) credit policy system has a significant impact on the Chinese and even the global vehicle market. Considering the lack of a systematic evaluation model for China’s fuel consumption and NEV credit regulations, this study establishes a hierarchical optimization decision-making model based on technology frontier curves and a multi-dimension database containing extensive data of technologies, products, and enterprises in the Chinese market to simulate and evaluate the technology compliance and policy impact under multiple regulations. The results show that, from the perspective of the technology frontier curve, gasoline technologies still have great cost-effectiveness advantages when the fuel-saving requirement is less than 46%, and the space for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and range-extended electric vehicles (REVs) is gradually shrinking due to the cost reduction of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). BEV400 will be better than PHEV70 and REV100 when the fuel-saving requirement is higher than 79%. Diesel vehicles are always not competitive in the passenger car market. In terms of the compliance of corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC) regulation, the start-stop technology will be gradually phased out and mild hybrid electric vehicles will be rapidly introduced due to their high cost-effectiveness in 2025. With the tightening of regulations, the penetration rate of BEVs and PHEVs will be 23.7% and 6.7%, respectively, and mild hybrid electric vehicles will be gradually replaced by strong hybrid electric vehicles in 2030. By 2035, the penetration rate of BEVs and PHEVs will be 43.6% and 6% further. For the CAFC and NEV credit regulation (widely known as the dual credit regulation), the single-vehicle credit poses a greater impact on the penetration of NEVs than corporate credit percentage limitation and is the key factor that should be focused on. The NEV credit limitation in the dual credit regulation could push ‘poor performance’ automakers to produce the required number of NEVs and meet the bottom line. However, in the long term, when compared to the CAFC regulation, the dual credit regulation is more lenient, due to NEVs being able to get double benefits both on NEV credit and CAFC credit, and NEV credit can also unidirectionally compensate CAFC credit under the dual-credit policy context. With the increased penetration and cost reduction of NEVs, the ‘averaging’ effect of dual credit regulation will inhibit the development of energy-saving and new energy vehicles. Therefore, eliminating the connection between NEV credit and CAFC credit or only leaving the CAFC and the fuel consumption limit regulations in the future will be better for the long-term development of the energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu. Hierarchical Optimization Decision-Making Method to Comply with China’s Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7842 .
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu, Xinglong Liu. Hierarchical Optimization Decision-Making Method to Comply with China’s Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7842.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu. 2021. "Hierarchical Optimization Decision-Making Method to Comply with China’s Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulations." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7842.
The large sales volume and a great number of passenger car ownership in China have brought a series of environmental and energy problems. In response to these problems, Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-credit Regulation has been put forward in China. However, it is found that although the purpose of the Dual-credit Regulation is controlling the fuel consumption and promoting the development of the energy vehicle market, the fuel consumption restriction for fossil-fueled passenger cars is relaxed compared to CAFC (Corporate Average Fuel Consumption) regulation alone. Moreover, this effect of relaxation is more obvious when the market share of new energy vehicles increases. To quantitatively estimate the relaxation effect of the fuel consumption restriction, a method of quantifying the relaxation effect is designed, and three different scenarios of new energy vehicle market development have been presumed in this paper. It is found that there are three main factors related to new energy vehicles that cause the relaxation of fuel consumption restriction, and the effect might become obvious and severe after 2025 if the market share of new energy vehicles develops very rapidly. These results may affect the development of the automotive industry and needed to be concerned.
Haoyi Zhang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7218 .
AMA StyleHaoyi Zhang, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaoyi Zhang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2021. "Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7218.
As a main measure to promote the development of China’s energy–saving and new energy vehicles, the Phase V fuel consumption regulation is dramatically different from the past four phases, especially in the test procedure, moving from the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) to the worldwide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC) and corresponding test procedure (WLTP). The switch of test procedure will not only affect the effectiveness of technologies but also change the fuel consumption target of the industry. However, few studies have systematically investigated the impacts of the new WLTP on the Chinese market. This study establishes a “technology–vehicle–fleet” bottom–up framework to estimate the impacts of test procedure switching on technology effectiveness and regulation stringency. The results show that due to the WLTP being closer to the real driving condition and more stringent, almost all baseline vehicles in the WLTP have higher fuel consumption than that in the NEDC, and diesel vehicles are slightly more impacted than gasoline vehicles. In addition, the impacts are increased with the strengthening of electrification, where the fuel consumption of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs) in the WLTP are about 6% higher than that in the NEDC. Engine technologies that gain higher effects in low load conditions, such as turbocharging and downsizing, fuel stratified injection (FSI), lean–burn, and variable valve timing (VVT), are faced with deterioration in the WLTP. Among these, the effect of turbocharging and downsizing shows a maximum decline of 8.5%. The variable compression ratio (VCR) and stoichiometric gasoline direct injection (SGDI) are among the few technologies that benefited from procedure switching, with an average improvement of 1.6% and 0.2% respectively. Except for multi–speed transmissions, which have improvement effects in the WLTP, all automatic transmissions are faced with decreases. From the perspective of the whole fleet and national regulation target, the average fuel consumption in the WLTP will increase by about 7.5% in 2025 compared to 4 L/100 km in the NEDC. According to the current planning of the Chinese government, the fuel consumption target of Phase V is set at 4.6 L/100 km in 2025, which is equivalent to loosening the stringency by 0.3 L/100 km. In Phase VI, the target of 3.2 L/100 km is maintained, which is 30.4% stricter than that of Phase V, and the annual compound tightening rate reaches 7.5%. This means that automakers need to launch their product planning as soon as possible and expand the technology bandwidth to comply with the Phase VI fuel consumption regulation, and the government should evaluate the technical feasibility before determining the evaluation methods and targets of the next phase.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3199 .
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Xinglong Liu, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2021. "Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3199.
The new-generation smart vehicles are intelligent network terminals that integrate smart vehicle, smart transportation, smart city, and smart energy (i.e., 4S integration). They move flexibly to connect the flow of people, materials, energy, and information of a city, and have more strategic values than traditional vehicles. This study aims to clarify the significance in developing the newgeneration smart vehicles based on 4S integration, determine the technology path for the innovative development of the new-generation smart vehicle industry, and establish a novel technology system by summarizing relevant key technologies. The new-generation smart vehicles based on 4S integration is an upgrade of smart vehicles in terms of value, function, and technology. China should select a smart vehicle technology path considering vehicle infrastructure cooperation to acquire the leadership in scientific and technological innovation. To establish the technology system of the new-generation smart vehicles based on 4S integration, the automation and connectivity levels of vehicles should be coordinated simultaneously, and common basic technologies such as big data, cloud computing, information, and communications should be promoted, together with the core key technologies related to vehicles, roads, and cloud. Furthermore, we propose suggestions from the aspects of top-level design, industrial integration, technological innovation, and practical implementation, hoping to provide theoretical references for long-term development of China’s smart vehicle industry.
Zongwei Liu; Haokun Song; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. Innovation and Development Strategies of China’s New- Generation Smart Vehicles Based on 4S Integration. Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 2021, 23, 153 -162.
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Haokun Song, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao. Innovation and Development Strategies of China’s New- Generation Smart Vehicles Based on 4S Integration. Chinese Journal of Engineering Science. 2021; 23 (3):153-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Haokun Song; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. 2021. "Innovation and Development Strategies of China’s New- Generation Smart Vehicles Based on 4S Integration." Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 23, no. 3: 153-162.
The Chinese government has made a commitment to control carbon emissions, and the deployment of renewable energy power generation is considered as an effective solution. In recent years, great effort has been exerted to support the development of renewable energy in China. While, due to fiscal pressures and changes in management policies, related subsidies are diminishing now and energy users are asked to pay for the cost. Regulations about carbon cap and renewable energy consumptions are issued to transfer the responsibility of consuming renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions to energy consumers. A national carbon trading system is set up in China and is under its growth stage. Therefore, this study lists the factors that should be considered by the energy users, analyzes the levelized cost of electricity generated by renewable energy in four cities in China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, and compares the results with current carbon prices. Based on the research, under the current status, it is still more cost-efficient for enterprises to buy carbon credits than introduce renewable energies, and great differences among cities are shown due to different natural conditions. Besides, with diminishing subsidies and development of the carbon trading market, the carbon price will gradually reflect the actual value and carbon emission reduction costs will become an important part of enterprise expenditure. In the long term, enterprises should link more factors to carbon emissions, like social responsibility and brand image, instead of only the cost.
Fuquan Zhao; Feiqi Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6498 .
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Feiqi Liu, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Feiqi Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2020. "Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6498.
The switching from new European driving cycle (NEDC) to worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) will affect the energy consumption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and then affect the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation and subsidy policy for PHEVs. This paper reveals the impact on energy consumption, NEV credit regulation, and subsidy policy for PHEV in the Chinese market of the switching from NEDC to WLTP based on qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. The results show that the WLTP procedure is stricter than NEDC in the determination of road load, test mass, driving resistance forces, and tire selection. Firstly, the electricity consumption (EC) of PHEV in charge-depleting mode (CD) under the WLTP procedure is 26% higher than NEDC on average, which makes the all-electric range (AER) significantly lower under WLTP. The weight EC tested in the WLTP procedure is higher than NEDC. Secondly, the fuel consumption (FC) of PHEV in CD mode is related to the adjustment of the engine management system (EMS) and the size of battery energy under the WLTP procedure. For the FC in the charge-sustaining (CS) mode of PHEV under the WLTP procedure is 20% higher than NEDC on average. However, the weight fuel consumption of PHEVs under WLTP with a long AER may be lower than that of NEDC due to the characteristics of utility factor in the WLTP procedure. Thirdly, most PHEVs fail to meet the requirements of 50 km AER due to the switching of the test procedures. However, the Chinese government reduced the technical specification of PHEV’s AER under the WLTP procedure to 43 km to support the development of PHEV technology. It ensures that the switching of test procedures does not change the treatment that they could obtain, the NEV credits, and subsidy as a NEV in China. However, the increasing of the EC in CD mode and the FC in CS mode under the WLTP procedure makes the PHEV obtain lower credit and subsidy multiple compared with NEDC procedure.
Xinglong Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Kangda Chen; Zongwei Liu; Hassan Babiker; Amer Amer. From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5747 .
AMA StyleXinglong Liu, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Kangda Chen, Zongwei Liu, Hassan Babiker, Amer Amer. From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXinglong Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Kangda Chen; Zongwei Liu; Hassan Babiker; Amer Amer. 2020. "From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5747.
With the increasing pressure on the automotive industry due to energy consumption, environmental pollution and climate change, internal combustion engines, which occupy a dominant position in traditional automotive powertrains, are facing considerable challenges from battery electric powertrains. This paper presents an in-depth analysis and objective interpretation of the challenges, potential and opportunities for internal combustion engines in this point. Specifically, the global automotive industry is approaching the “Power 2.0 era”, and multiple powertrains will coexist for a long time. The relationships between the various powertrains are complementary rather than simply competitive in China. Only by optimizing the product and technology combination can the best solution be obtained to meet the increasingly stringent regulations and the escalating needs for mobility. At the same time, internal combustion engines will continue to play an important role in the development of the automotive industry, and they have the potential for further improvement in plenty of areas, such as thermal efficiency, emissions and electrification. Internal combustion engines will undergo an important evolution toward high efficiency through fixed-point operation, system simplification and cost reduction. In addition, the electrification of powertrains, the upgrading and diversification of fuel designs, and the development of intelligent and connected technologies will bring unprecedented opportunities for making the internal combustion engine more efficient, green and clean to better serve society in the near future.
Fuquan Zhao; Kangda Chen; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4955 .
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Kangda Chen, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):4955.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Kangda Chen; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2020. "Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4955.
In recent years, the rapid development of the automotive industry has brought about several environmental and energy issues worldwide. Many countries have established fuel consumption regulations. Among them, fuel consumption regulations based on the curb weight or footprint have been put forward in China and the US. This paper mainly compares the effect of the application of footprint-based and curb weight-based regulations in China. To compare the effect of these two different benchmarks, a Chinese footprint-based fuel consumption regulation is designed based on the principles of the American footprint regulations and the actual conditions of the Chinese passenger car market, and fuel consumption data from 14 enterprises are also used. It is found that regulations help maintain market neutrality if the target value is separated into two curves according to the type of vehicle. Additionally, footprint regulations are more conducive to vehicle lightweighting than curb weight regulations. Finally, policy recommendations are drawn: to maintain market neutrality, there should be two target value curves in the fifth stage of the weight regulation: one for sedans and one for SUVs. Meanwhile, footprint regulation adaptation should be considered in the future to promote vehicle lightweighting in the Chinese market.
Zongwei Liu; Haoyi Zhang; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. Comparative study of corporate average fuel consumption regulations based on curb weight and footprint benchmarks. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2020, 22, 1311 -1323.
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Haoyi Zhang, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao. Comparative study of corporate average fuel consumption regulations based on curb weight and footprint benchmarks. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2020; 22 (6):1311-1323.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Haoyi Zhang; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. 2020. "Comparative study of corporate average fuel consumption regulations based on curb weight and footprint benchmarks." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 22, no. 6: 1311-1323.
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) industry in China, the reusing of retired power batteries is becoming increasingly urgent. In this paper, the critical issues for power batteries reusing in China are systematically studied. First, the strategic value of power batteries reusing, and the main modes of battery reusing are analyzed. Second, the economic benefit models of power batteries echelon utilization and recycling are constructed. Finally, the economic benefits of lithium iron phosphate (LIP) battery and ternary lithium (TL) battery under different reusing modes are analyzed based on the economic benefit models. The results show that when the industrial chain is fully coordinated, LIP battery echelon utilization is profitable based on a reasonable scenario scheme. However, the multi-level echelon utilization is only practical under an ideal scenario, and more attention should be paid to the first level echelon utilization. Besides, the performance matching of different types of batteries has a great impact on the echelon utilization income. Thus, considering the huge potentials of China’s energy storage market, the design of automobile power batteries in the future should give due consideration to the performance requirements of energy storage batteries. Moreover, the TL battery could only be recycled directly, while the LIP has the feasibility of echelon utilization at present. At the same time, it will strengthen the cost advantage of the LIP battery, which deserves special attention.
Zongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China. Energies 2020, 13, 1932 .
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Xinglong Liu, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao, Amer Ahmad Amer, Hassan Babiker. Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China. Energies. 2020; 13 (8):1932.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. 2020. "Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China." Energies 13, no. 8: 1932.
The mass production of autonomous vehicle is coming, thanks to the rapid progress of autonomous driving technology, especially the recent breakthroughs in LiDAR sensors, GPUs, and deep learning. Many automotive and IT companies represented by Waymo and GM are constantly promoting their advanced autonomous vehicles to hit public roads as early as possible. This paper systematically reviews the latest development and future trend of the autonomous vehicle technologies, discusses the extensive application of AI in ICV, and identifies the key problems and core challenges facing the commercialization of autonomous vehicle. Based on the review, it forecasts the prospects and conditions of autonomous vehicle’s mass production and points out the arduous, long-term and systematic nature of its development.
Zongwei Liu; Hao Jiang; Hong Tan; Fuquan Zhao. An Overview of the Latest Progress and Core Challenge of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies. MATEC Web of Conferences 2020, 308, 06002 .
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Hao Jiang, Hong Tan, Fuquan Zhao. An Overview of the Latest Progress and Core Challenge of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2020; 308 ():06002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Hao Jiang; Hong Tan; Fuquan Zhao. 2020. "An Overview of the Latest Progress and Core Challenge of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies." MATEC Web of Conferences 308, no. : 06002.
The automatic emergency braking (AEB) system is an effective intelligent vehicle active safety system for avoiding certain types of collisions. This study develops a national-level safety impact evaluation model for this intelligent vehicle function, including the potential maximum impact and realistic impact. The evaluation model was firstly applied in China to provide insights into Chinese policymaking. Road traffic fatality and severe injury trends, the proportion of different collision types, the effectiveness of collision avoidance, and the AEB market penetration rates are considered in the potential maximum impact scenario. Furthermore, the AEB activation rate and the technology’s technical limitations, including its effectiveness in different weather, light, and speed conditions, are discussed in the realistic scenario. With a 100% market penetration rate, fatalities could be reduced by 13.2%, and injuries could be reduced by 9.1%. Based on China’s policy, the market penetration rate of intelligent vehicles with AEB is predicted to be 34.0% in 2025 and 60.3% in 2030. With this large market penetration rate increase of AEB, the reductions in fatalities and severe injuries are 903–2309 and 2025–5055 in 2025; and 1483–3789 and 3895–7835 in 2030, respectively. Considering AEB’s activation rate and its three main limitations, the adjusted realistic result is approximately 2/5 of the potential maximum result.
Hong Tan; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 917 .
AMA StyleHong Tan, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu, Amer Ahmad Amer, Hassan Babiker. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong Tan; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. 2020. "Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 917.
Autonomous driving is recognized as a global development direction and a major opportunity. The function and use of the vehicle has changed profoundly. The vehicle is gradually transformed from a simple transportation tool to a smart mobile space. The ultimate goal of autonomous driving is to achieve driverless driving. In the course of its development, man-control will gradually turn into to system-control. In other words, the transition from level 3 (L3) to level 4 (L4) is a fundamental leap. At present, the specific path to achieve this leap is not yet clear. Different companies have different and even opposite thinking and choices. In this study, the grading standard for autonomous driving was clearly explained, and the technical route selection of the company was analysed. Based on the analysis, the requirements of sensing, decision making, execution between the L3 and L4 were compared. Moreover, the key technical difficulties of L3 to L4 were clarified. In the end, suggestions on the commercialization of autonomous driving were given.
Zongwei Liu; Hong Tan; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. Analysis of Key Issues on Man-Control to System-Control Leap in Autonomous Driving. MATEC Web of Conferences 2019, 296, 01002 .
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Hong Tan, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao. Analysis of Key Issues on Man-Control to System-Control Leap in Autonomous Driving. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2019; 296 ():01002.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Hong Tan; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. 2019. "Analysis of Key Issues on Man-Control to System-Control Leap in Autonomous Driving." MATEC Web of Conferences 296, no. : 01002.
The development of intelligent vehicle will provide the Chinese automotive industry with a strategic opportunity for transformation and upgrading. Vehicular intelligence provides new solutions for energy conservation and emissions mitigation. However, the process of vehicular intelligence is progressive. The saving of energy consumption depends on the high smart car market penetration rate. But one thing that can be confirmed is that intelligent vehicles are equipped with advanced sensors, controllers, and actuators, in combination with connecting communication technologies compared with conventional vehicles, for which the energy consumption of the vehicle will definitely increase. In this study, vehicle fuel consumption cost at different levels of intelligence is calculated, considering the energy consumption of hardware used for automation and connecting functions, the energy consumption cost generated by the quality of the hardware, and the wind resistance. The results reveal that the energy consumption per 100 kilometers of an intelligent vehicle ranges from 0.78L to 1.86L, more than traditional vehicle. The energy consumption cost of automation functions is much higher than that of the connecting functions. Computing platform performance, connection strength, and radar performance are the three main factors that affect energy consumption cost. Based on the analysis, the high energy consumption cost of vehicular intelligence has a profound impact on choosing power platform.
Zongwei Liu; Hong Tan; Xu Kuang; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. The Negative Impact of Vehicular Intelligence on Energy Consumption. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019, 2019, 1 -11.
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Hong Tan, Xu Kuang, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao. The Negative Impact of Vehicular Intelligence on Energy Consumption. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 2019; 2019 ():1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Hong Tan; Xu Kuang; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao. 2019. "The Negative Impact of Vehicular Intelligence on Energy Consumption." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019, no. : 1-11.
The deployment of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) is regarded as a significant solution to improve road safety, transportation management, and energy efficiency. This study assessed the safety, traffic, environmental, and industrial economic benefits of ICV deployment in China under different scenarios. A bottom-up model was established to deal with these impacts within a unified framework, based on the existing theories and literature of ICVs’ cost–benefit analysis, as well as China’s most recent policies and statistics. The results indicate that the total benefits may reach 13.25 to 24.02 trillion renminbi (RMB) in 2050, while a cumulative benefit–cost ratio of 1.15 to 3.06 suggests high cost-effectiveness. However, if the government and industry only focus on their own interests, the break-even point may be delayed by several years. Hence, an effective business model is necessary to enhance public–private cooperation in ICV implementation. Meanwhile, the savings of travel time costs and fleet labor costs play an important part in all socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, the future design of ICVs should pay more attention to the utilization of in-vehicle time and the real substitution for human drivers.
Xu Kuang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China: A Cost–Benefit Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3273 .
AMA StyleXu Kuang, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China: A Cost–Benefit Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu Kuang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2019. "Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China: A Cost–Benefit Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3273.
To assess changes in the lithium supply chain resulting from the development of the electric vehicle industry and corresponding impacts, this study established a regional dynamic flow model of the entire anthropogenic life cycle of lithium in China from 2000 to 2050. Based on historical data, this model provides output data including production, consumption and international trade of lithium embodied in five types of commodities. Results indicate that the amount of lithium flow in 2050 will be 13 to 20 times greater than that in 2015. The lithium applied in electric vehicles will account for the largest proportion of in-use stocks of lithium starting in 2022. Lithium recovery will not play a big role in reducing supply pressure until 2030. Comparing all types of lithium-containing commodities, import dependence on minerals will remain the greatest within the temporal boundary. This factor reflects a nonnegligible risk to the supply-demand balance considering the high concentration of mineral import structure in China currently. Several policy recommendations are offered for the optimization of China’s flow structure. On the demand side, limited capacity expansion and cutting overcapacity of downstream commodities should be under consideration to distribute lithium import more reasonably. On the supply side, the potential oversupply issues caused by low-grade scrap require further development of recycling technology.
Xin Sun; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu. The Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism of Regional Lithium Flow for Transportation Electrification. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 53, 743 -751.
AMA StyleXin Sun, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu. The Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism of Regional Lithium Flow for Transportation Electrification. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 53 (2):743-751.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXin Sun; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu. 2018. "The Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism of Regional Lithium Flow for Transportation Electrification." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 2: 743-751.
The explosion of the vehicle market in China has caused a series of problems, like energy security, climate change, air pollution, etc. The deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered an effective solution to address these problems. Thus, both the state and local governments in China have launched some policies and incentives to accelerate the development of EVs and the EV industry. Do EVs can effectively solve these problems in short term, viewed from the fleet point? Based on China’s most up-to-date deployment plan for EVs, this paper analyzes the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by China’s road transport sector in three different scenarios. The results indicate that, based on current planning, the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet will peak in 2025 and 2027, at the level of around 403 mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) and 1763 mt CO2 eq. (million tons of CO2 equivalent), respectively. The introduction of EVs will significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuel in the long term, with increasing ownership, while, in the short term, the fuel economy regulation will still play a more important role. Policy makers should continually pay attention to this. Meanwhile, commercial vehicles, especially heavy-duty trucks will account for a bigger and bigger proportion in the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet. Thus, to some extent the focus should shift from passenger vehicles to commercial vehicles. More measures could be implemented.
Feiqi Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts. Energies 2018, 11, 3353 .
AMA StyleFeiqi Liu, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu, Han Hao. China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts. Energies. 2018; 11 (12):3353.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeiqi Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. 2018. "China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts." Energies 11, no. 12: 3353.
Energy conservation and emissions reduction have become increasingly significant for automobiles due to the severity of the current energy situation. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology is one of the most promising solutions. This study investigated the total efficiency of a HEV powertrain. To improve the total efficiency, the engine should be regulated to work at its highest efficiency and drive the wheels directly as much as possible. To accomplish this, we developed an energy management strategy based on the direct drive area (DDA) of the engine’s efficiency map. Several typical HEV models were built to compare the fuel consumption using DDA and rule-based strategies. Furthermore, the function of the HEV transmission system with DDA was considered. The transmission in a HEV should regulate the engine to work at its highest efficiency as much as possible, which is rather different than the regulation in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The functional change may lead to transmission systems with fewer gears but optimal gear ratios. If this trend is realized, the manufacturing cost of HEVs could be largely reduced.
Tianze Shi; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Development Trends of Transmissions for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using an Optimized Energy Management Strategy. Automotive Innovation 2018, 1, 291 -299.
AMA StyleTianze Shi, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Development Trends of Transmissions for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using an Optimized Energy Management Strategy. Automotive Innovation. 2018; 1 (4):291-299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTianze Shi; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2018. "Development Trends of Transmissions for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using an Optimized Energy Management Strategy." Automotive Innovation 1, no. 4: 291-299.
With the phasing down of subsidies, China has launched the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation to continuously promote the penetration of electric vehicles. The two policies will coexist through 2020 and definitely pose a dramatic impact on the development of the Chinese and even the global electric vehicle market. However, few studies have systematically investigated the relationship between the two policies as well as the synergistic impacts during the overlap period. This paper interprets the rationales of China’s subsidy policy and NEV credit regulation and establishes a bottom-up model to estimate the synergistic impacts of the two policies on the technological trends of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from the perspective of credit cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that the subsidy policy still maintains strong support for the development of electric vehicles in China. For small BEVs whose driving ranges are higher than 300 km, subsidies even account for 40–50% of the manufacturing cost. In addition, we conclude that the two policies will complement each other in the transitional period and small BEVs are preferred by both policies. Under the NEV credit regulation, 350 km will consistently be the optimal driving range, which will definitely limit the development of other ranges. With the addition of the subsidy, the limitation will be amended in the short run. However, the effect of the subsidy is decreasing and is going to be canceled after 2020, so the focus should be on the optimization of the NEV credit regulation.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Synergistic Impacts of China’s Subsidy Policy and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation on the Technological Development of Battery Electric Vehicles. Energies 2018, 11, 3193 .
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Synergistic Impacts of China’s Subsidy Policy and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation on the Technological Development of Battery Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2018; 11 (11):3193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2018. "Synergistic Impacts of China’s Subsidy Policy and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation on the Technological Development of Battery Electric Vehicles." Energies 11, no. 11: 3193.
Fuel cell vehicles, as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developing world to avoid high-carbon lock-in in the transportation sector. In this paper, by taking China as an example, the unique advantages for China to deploy fuel cell vehicles are reviewed. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 19 fuel cell vehicle utilization pathways by using the life cycle assessment approach. The results show that with the current grid mix in China, hydrogen from water electrolysis has the highest GHG emissions, at 3.10 kgCO2/km, while by-product hydrogen from the chlor-alkali industry has the lowest level, at 0.08 kgCO2/km. Regarding hydrogen storage and transportation, a combination of gas-hydrogen road transportation and single compression in the refueling station has the lowest GHG emissions. Regarding vehicle operation, GHG emissions from indirect methanol fuel cell are proved to be lower than those from direct hydrogen fuel cells. It is recommended that although fuel cell vehicles are promising for the developing world in reducing GHG emissions, the vehicle technology and hydrogen production issues should be well addressed to ensure the life-cycle low-carbon performance.
Han Hao; Zhexuan Mu; Zongwei Liu; Fuquan Zhao. Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world. Frontiers in Energy 2018, 12, 466 -480.
AMA StyleHan Hao, Zhexuan Mu, Zongwei Liu, Fuquan Zhao. Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world. Frontiers in Energy. 2018; 12 (3):466-480.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan Hao; Zhexuan Mu; Zongwei Liu; Fuquan Zhao. 2018. "Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world." Frontiers in Energy 12, no. 3: 466-480.
A super credit policy provides favorable accounting rules for extremely low emission vehicles under several passenger vehicle fuel economy regulations. This policy was initially designed to promote promising advanced technologies complying with fleet-wide fuel economy regulations so that these technologies could achieve cost-effective breakeven points. The favorable multipliers offered range from 3.5 to 1.33 in the various fuel economy regulations by the year 2021. Under China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation, two types of super credit schemes are designed in the Phase IV Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation through 2020. One is the fuel-efficient vehicle super credit for vehicles with fuel consumption rates below the threshold of 2.8 L/100 km. Another is the new energy vehicle super credit for battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. However, the effectiveness of this incentive in promoting electric vehicles and the optimal size of the multiplier are not well understood. This paper analyzes the impacts of the super credit policy from the perspective of automakers. A mathematical model based on combinational optimization is established to describe an automaker's decision-making process, and a genetic algorithm is employed to solve this problem. The conventional and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles cost-effectiveness frontier curves are fitted to illustrate the principle of new energy vehicle and fuel-efficient vehicle super credit schemes. Various multipliers of new energy vehicle and fuel-efficient vehicle super credit policy scenarios are simulated under the 2020 and 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Consumption targets. By analyzing the impact of the policy on the reduction of compliance costs, the super credit multiplier, the cost and the fuel consumption rates reduction effect are found to be the determining factors. The results confirm that the multiplier and China's super credit policy scheme will be effective by 2020, under which plug-in hybrid electric vehicles would account for 7.8% of the fleet at a cost of 6.6% Corporate Average Fuel Consumption target impairment. Under the assumed next phase of regulation by the year 2025, the optimal multipliers for the new energy vehicle and fuel-efficient vehicle super credit will be 1.5 and 1, respectively. It is noteworthy that the super credit policy may impair the energy saving target of Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulations while promoting the market penetration of the targeted technologies. Despite other policies that benefit battery electric vehicles over plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles are not competitive with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under either the 2020 or 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulations. The fuel-efficient vehicle super credit policy will not promote the targeted advanced technologies under the next phase of regulation unless the 2.8 L/100 km fuel-efficient vehicle definition threshold can be adjusted along with the strengthened 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Consumption target.
Sinan Wang; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. Impacts of a super credit policy on electric vehicle penetration and compliance with China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation. Energy 2018, 155, 746 -762.
AMA StyleSinan Wang, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu, Han Hao. Impacts of a super credit policy on electric vehicle penetration and compliance with China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation. Energy. 2018; 155 ():746-762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinan Wang; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. 2018. "Impacts of a super credit policy on electric vehicle penetration and compliance with China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation." Energy 155, no. : 746-762.