This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
The national targets of reaching carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060 propose higher requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction of China’s automobile industry. As an important measure for the government, the fuel consumption and new energy vehicle (NEV) credit policy system has a significant impact on the Chinese and even the global vehicle market. Considering the lack of a systematic evaluation model for China’s fuel consumption and NEV credit regulations, this study establishes a hierarchical optimization decision-making model based on technology frontier curves and a multi-dimension database containing extensive data of technologies, products, and enterprises in the Chinese market to simulate and evaluate the technology compliance and policy impact under multiple regulations. The results show that, from the perspective of the technology frontier curve, gasoline technologies still have great cost-effectiveness advantages when the fuel-saving requirement is less than 46%, and the space for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and range-extended electric vehicles (REVs) is gradually shrinking due to the cost reduction of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). BEV400 will be better than PHEV70 and REV100 when the fuel-saving requirement is higher than 79%. Diesel vehicles are always not competitive in the passenger car market. In terms of the compliance of corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC) regulation, the start-stop technology will be gradually phased out and mild hybrid electric vehicles will be rapidly introduced due to their high cost-effectiveness in 2025. With the tightening of regulations, the penetration rate of BEVs and PHEVs will be 23.7% and 6.7%, respectively, and mild hybrid electric vehicles will be gradually replaced by strong hybrid electric vehicles in 2030. By 2035, the penetration rate of BEVs and PHEVs will be 43.6% and 6% further. For the CAFC and NEV credit regulation (widely known as the dual credit regulation), the single-vehicle credit poses a greater impact on the penetration of NEVs than corporate credit percentage limitation and is the key factor that should be focused on. The NEV credit limitation in the dual credit regulation could push ‘poor performance’ automakers to produce the required number of NEVs and meet the bottom line. However, in the long term, when compared to the CAFC regulation, the dual credit regulation is more lenient, due to NEVs being able to get double benefits both on NEV credit and CAFC credit, and NEV credit can also unidirectionally compensate CAFC credit under the dual-credit policy context. With the increased penetration and cost reduction of NEVs, the ‘averaging’ effect of dual credit regulation will inhibit the development of energy-saving and new energy vehicles. Therefore, eliminating the connection between NEV credit and CAFC credit or only leaving the CAFC and the fuel consumption limit regulations in the future will be better for the long-term development of the energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu. Hierarchical Optimization Decision-Making Method to Comply with China’s Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulations. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7842 .
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu, Xinglong Liu. Hierarchical Optimization Decision-Making Method to Comply with China’s Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulations. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7842.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu. 2021. "Hierarchical Optimization Decision-Making Method to Comply with China’s Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulations." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7842.
The large sales volume and a great number of passenger car ownership in China have brought a series of environmental and energy problems. In response to these problems, Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-credit Regulation has been put forward in China. However, it is found that although the purpose of the Dual-credit Regulation is controlling the fuel consumption and promoting the development of the energy vehicle market, the fuel consumption restriction for fossil-fueled passenger cars is relaxed compared to CAFC (Corporate Average Fuel Consumption) regulation alone. Moreover, this effect of relaxation is more obvious when the market share of new energy vehicles increases. To quantitatively estimate the relaxation effect of the fuel consumption restriction, a method of quantifying the relaxation effect is designed, and three different scenarios of new energy vehicle market development have been presumed in this paper. It is found that there are three main factors related to new energy vehicles that cause the relaxation of fuel consumption restriction, and the effect might become obvious and severe after 2025 if the market share of new energy vehicles develops very rapidly. These results may affect the development of the automotive industry and needed to be concerned.
Haoyi Zhang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7218 .
AMA StyleHaoyi Zhang, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7218.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaoyi Zhang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2021. "Effect of Chinese Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Dual-Credit Regulation on Passenger Cars Average Fuel Consumption Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7218.
As a main measure to promote the development of China’s energy–saving and new energy vehicles, the Phase V fuel consumption regulation is dramatically different from the past four phases, especially in the test procedure, moving from the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) to the worldwide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC) and corresponding test procedure (WLTP). The switch of test procedure will not only affect the effectiveness of technologies but also change the fuel consumption target of the industry. However, few studies have systematically investigated the impacts of the new WLTP on the Chinese market. This study establishes a “technology–vehicle–fleet” bottom–up framework to estimate the impacts of test procedure switching on technology effectiveness and regulation stringency. The results show that due to the WLTP being closer to the real driving condition and more stringent, almost all baseline vehicles in the WLTP have higher fuel consumption than that in the NEDC, and diesel vehicles are slightly more impacted than gasoline vehicles. In addition, the impacts are increased with the strengthening of electrification, where the fuel consumption of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs) in the WLTP are about 6% higher than that in the NEDC. Engine technologies that gain higher effects in low load conditions, such as turbocharging and downsizing, fuel stratified injection (FSI), lean–burn, and variable valve timing (VVT), are faced with deterioration in the WLTP. Among these, the effect of turbocharging and downsizing shows a maximum decline of 8.5%. The variable compression ratio (VCR) and stoichiometric gasoline direct injection (SGDI) are among the few technologies that benefited from procedure switching, with an average improvement of 1.6% and 0.2% respectively. Except for multi–speed transmissions, which have improvement effects in the WLTP, all automatic transmissions are faced with decreases. From the perspective of the whole fleet and national regulation target, the average fuel consumption in the WLTP will increase by about 7.5% in 2025 compared to 4 L/100 km in the NEDC. According to the current planning of the Chinese government, the fuel consumption target of Phase V is set at 4.6 L/100 km in 2025, which is equivalent to loosening the stringency by 0.3 L/100 km. In Phase VI, the target of 3.2 L/100 km is maintained, which is 30.4% stricter than that of Phase V, and the annual compound tightening rate reaches 7.5%. This means that automakers need to launch their product planning as soon as possible and expand the technology bandwidth to comply with the Phase VI fuel consumption regulation, and the government should evaluate the technical feasibility before determining the evaluation methods and targets of the next phase.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3199 .
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Xinglong Liu, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2021. "Impacts of the New Worldwide Light-Duty Test Procedure on Technology Effectiveness and China’s Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Regulations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3199.
The popularization of automobiles is originally a symbol of social progress, but it has also brought many problems and hidden dangers to the urban development of China in the aspects of transportation, environment, and energy. In this context, the emergence of the car sharing has led people from all walks of life to discover ways to solve these problems. This paper first studies and reveals the significance of car sharing. Then, on the basis of the development bottleneck of car sharing, this paper builds an evaluation index system to objectively analyze and evaluate the development status and find out the keys to solving the problems rooted in the car sharing status in China. Finally, this paper puts forward specific strategies and suggestions to promote the formation of China’s car-sharing society.
Zan Li; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu. A Study of Car Sharing in China Based on Evaluation Index System. MATEC Web of Conferences 2020, 325, 04004 .
AMA StyleZan Li, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu. A Study of Car Sharing in China Based on Evaluation Index System. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2020; 325 ():04004.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZan Li; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu. 2020. "A Study of Car Sharing in China Based on Evaluation Index System." MATEC Web of Conferences 325, no. : 04004.
The Chinese government has made a commitment to control carbon emissions, and the deployment of renewable energy power generation is considered as an effective solution. In recent years, great effort has been exerted to support the development of renewable energy in China. While, due to fiscal pressures and changes in management policies, related subsidies are diminishing now and energy users are asked to pay for the cost. Regulations about carbon cap and renewable energy consumptions are issued to transfer the responsibility of consuming renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions to energy consumers. A national carbon trading system is set up in China and is under its growth stage. Therefore, this study lists the factors that should be considered by the energy users, analyzes the levelized cost of electricity generated by renewable energy in four cities in China, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, and compares the results with current carbon prices. Based on the research, under the current status, it is still more cost-efficient for enterprises to buy carbon credits than introduce renewable energies, and great differences among cities are shown due to different natural conditions. Besides, with diminishing subsidies and development of the carbon trading market, the carbon price will gradually reflect the actual value and carbon emission reduction costs will become an important part of enterprise expenditure. In the long term, enterprises should link more factors to carbon emissions, like social responsibility and brand image, instead of only the cost.
Fuquan Zhao; Feiqi Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6498 .
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Feiqi Liu, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Feiqi Liu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2020. "Carbon Emission Reduction Strategy for Energy Users in China." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6498.
The switching from new European driving cycle (NEDC) to worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure (WLTP) will affect the energy consumption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), and then affect the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation and subsidy policy for PHEVs. This paper reveals the impact on energy consumption, NEV credit regulation, and subsidy policy for PHEV in the Chinese market of the switching from NEDC to WLTP based on qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation. The results show that the WLTP procedure is stricter than NEDC in the determination of road load, test mass, driving resistance forces, and tire selection. Firstly, the electricity consumption (EC) of PHEV in charge-depleting mode (CD) under the WLTP procedure is 26% higher than NEDC on average, which makes the all-electric range (AER) significantly lower under WLTP. The weight EC tested in the WLTP procedure is higher than NEDC. Secondly, the fuel consumption (FC) of PHEV in CD mode is related to the adjustment of the engine management system (EMS) and the size of battery energy under the WLTP procedure. For the FC in the charge-sustaining (CS) mode of PHEV under the WLTP procedure is 20% higher than NEDC on average. However, the weight fuel consumption of PHEVs under WLTP with a long AER may be lower than that of NEDC due to the characteristics of utility factor in the WLTP procedure. Thirdly, most PHEVs fail to meet the requirements of 50 km AER due to the switching of the test procedures. However, the Chinese government reduced the technical specification of PHEV’s AER under the WLTP procedure to 43 km to support the development of PHEV technology. It ensures that the switching of test procedures does not change the treatment that they could obtain, the NEV credits, and subsidy as a NEV in China. However, the increasing of the EC in CD mode and the FC in CS mode under the WLTP procedure makes the PHEV obtain lower credit and subsidy multiple compared with NEDC procedure.
Xinglong Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Kangda Chen; Zongwei Liu; Hassan Babiker; Amer Amer. From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5747 .
AMA StyleXinglong Liu, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Kangda Chen, Zongwei Liu, Hassan Babiker, Amer Amer. From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (14):5747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXinglong Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Kangda Chen; Zongwei Liu; Hassan Babiker; Amer Amer. 2020. "From NEDC to WLTP: Effect on the Energy Consumption, NEV Credits, and Subsidies Policies of PHEV in the Chinese Market." Sustainability 12, no. 14: 5747.
With the increasing pressure on the automotive industry due to energy consumption, environmental pollution and climate change, internal combustion engines, which occupy a dominant position in traditional automotive powertrains, are facing considerable challenges from battery electric powertrains. This paper presents an in-depth analysis and objective interpretation of the challenges, potential and opportunities for internal combustion engines in this point. Specifically, the global automotive industry is approaching the “Power 2.0 era”, and multiple powertrains will coexist for a long time. The relationships between the various powertrains are complementary rather than simply competitive in China. Only by optimizing the product and technology combination can the best solution be obtained to meet the increasingly stringent regulations and the escalating needs for mobility. At the same time, internal combustion engines will continue to play an important role in the development of the automotive industry, and they have the potential for further improvement in plenty of areas, such as thermal efficiency, emissions and electrification. Internal combustion engines will undergo an important evolution toward high efficiency through fixed-point operation, system simplification and cost reduction. In addition, the electrification of powertrains, the upgrading and diversification of fuel designs, and the development of intelligent and connected technologies will bring unprecedented opportunities for making the internal combustion engine more efficient, green and clean to better serve society in the near future.
Fuquan Zhao; Kangda Chen; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4955 .
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Kangda Chen, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):4955.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Kangda Chen; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2020. "Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4955.
Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) technology has significant implications on energy security and environmental protection. In the past decade, China has made a great progress in the hydrogen and FCV industry considering both the government's policy issuances and enterprises’ production. However, there are still some technological and cost challenges obstructing the commercialization of FCVs. In this paper, the status of China's hydrogen FCV industry is analyzed comprehensively from three perspectives: policy support, market application, and technology readiness level. The unique characteristics and key issues in each part of the industry chain are emphasized. Furthermore, the energy, environmental and economic performances of FCV in the life cycle perspective are reviewed and summarized based on pre‐existing literature and reports. The life‐cycle analysis of hydrogen and FCV indicates that the energy and environmental impacts of FCVs are highly related to the sources of hydrogen. With the combination of industry status and technology performances, it is pointed out that technology advancements in hydrogen production and fuel cells and the optimization of the manufacturing processes for fuel cell systems are equally essential in the development of hydrogen FCVs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Fuquan Zhao; Zhexuan Mu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Xin He; Steven Victor Przesmitzki; Amer Ahmad Amer. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Development in China: An Industry Chain Perspective. Energy Technology 2020, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Zhexuan Mu, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu, Xin He, Steven Victor Przesmitzki, Amer Ahmad Amer. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Development in China: An Industry Chain Perspective. Energy Technology. 2020; 8 (11):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Zhexuan Mu; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Xin He; Steven Victor Przesmitzki; Amer Ahmad Amer. 2020. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Development in China: An Industry Chain Perspective." Energy Technology 8, no. 11: 1.
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) industry in China, the reusing of retired power batteries is becoming increasingly urgent. In this paper, the critical issues for power batteries reusing in China are systematically studied. First, the strategic value of power batteries reusing, and the main modes of battery reusing are analyzed. Second, the economic benefit models of power batteries echelon utilization and recycling are constructed. Finally, the economic benefits of lithium iron phosphate (LIP) battery and ternary lithium (TL) battery under different reusing modes are analyzed based on the economic benefit models. The results show that when the industrial chain is fully coordinated, LIP battery echelon utilization is profitable based on a reasonable scenario scheme. However, the multi-level echelon utilization is only practical under an ideal scenario, and more attention should be paid to the first level echelon utilization. Besides, the performance matching of different types of batteries has a great impact on the echelon utilization income. Thus, considering the huge potentials of China’s energy storage market, the design of automobile power batteries in the future should give due consideration to the performance requirements of energy storage batteries. Moreover, the TL battery could only be recycled directly, while the LIP has the feasibility of echelon utilization at present. At the same time, it will strengthen the cost advantage of the LIP battery, which deserves special attention.
Zongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China. Energies 2020, 13, 1932 .
AMA StyleZongwei Liu, Xinglong Liu, Han Hao, Fuquan Zhao, Amer Ahmad Amer, Hassan Babiker. Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China. Energies. 2020; 13 (8):1932.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZongwei Liu; Xinglong Liu; Han Hao; Fuquan Zhao; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. 2020. "Research on the Critical Issues for Power Battery Reusing of New Energy Vehicles in China." Energies 13, no. 8: 1932.
Objective: The objective of this research is to assess the number of casualties in China's road traffic accidents that can be reduced by lane keeping assistant (LKA) through 2030, based on the historical data on the number of fatalities and injuries in China and the proportion of LKA planed in China policy.Methods: The analysis was divided into 4 main parts: (1) Predict injuries and fatalities caused by traffic accident in China without LKA through 2030; (2) Apply the methodology to estimate the percentage reduction in injuries and fatalities assuming 100% penetration rate of LKA; (3) Predict the penetration rate of intelligent vehicles with LKA system through 2030 under Chinese government policy planning; (4) Calculate the specific number for the reduction in injuries and fatalities with LKA through 2030.Results: According to the historical accident data, the fatalities caused by traffic accidents without LKA are predicted to be 55,686 in 2020, 51,420 in 2025, and 47,484 in 2030, while the injuries are 188,285, 164,135, and 143,163. The percentage reduction with 100% penetration rate was calculated to be 14.8% for fatalities and 10.1% for injuries. Based on the China policy, the market penetration rate of intelligent vehicle with LKA was predicted to be 44.2% in 2025 and 77.7% in 2030. With the great increase of market penetration rate, the maximum reduction in injuries and fatalities from 2018 to 2030 was calculated. Compared to the previsions without LKA, 3370 fatalities and 7359 injuries will be reduced in 2025, while the specific number is 5465 fatalities and 11,270 injuries in 2030. Considering the three main limitations of LKA, the adjusted result would become approximately 1/9 of the original ideal result to be 375 fatalities and 818 injuries in 2025, while the specific number is 608 fatalities and 1253 injuries in 2030.Conclusions: The safety impact of LKA system on traffic crash fatalities and injuries reduction in China has been estimated. The results indicate that LKA system has considerable potential benefit in China. Interaction design with the driver, setting of the minimum travel speed and adaptability of the harsh conditions of the camera are the breakthrough points for maximizing safety benefits. The safety system of the intelligent vehicle has different benefits in different countries.
Hong Tan; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Estimate of safety impact of lane keeping assistant system on fatalities and injuries reduction for China: Scenarios through 2030. Traffic Injury Prevention 2020, 21, 156 -162.
AMA StyleHong Tan, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Estimate of safety impact of lane keeping assistant system on fatalities and injuries reduction for China: Scenarios through 2030. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2020; 21 (2):156-162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong Tan; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2020. "Estimate of safety impact of lane keeping assistant system on fatalities and injuries reduction for China: Scenarios through 2030." Traffic Injury Prevention 21, no. 2: 156-162.
The automatic emergency braking (AEB) system is an effective intelligent vehicle active safety system for avoiding certain types of collisions. This study develops a national-level safety impact evaluation model for this intelligent vehicle function, including the potential maximum impact and realistic impact. The evaluation model was firstly applied in China to provide insights into Chinese policymaking. Road traffic fatality and severe injury trends, the proportion of different collision types, the effectiveness of collision avoidance, and the AEB market penetration rates are considered in the potential maximum impact scenario. Furthermore, the AEB activation rate and the technology’s technical limitations, including its effectiveness in different weather, light, and speed conditions, are discussed in the realistic scenario. With a 100% market penetration rate, fatalities could be reduced by 13.2%, and injuries could be reduced by 9.1%. Based on China’s policy, the market penetration rate of intelligent vehicles with AEB is predicted to be 34.0% in 2025 and 60.3% in 2030. With this large market penetration rate increase of AEB, the reductions in fatalities and severe injuries are 903–2309 and 2025–5055 in 2025; and 1483–3789 and 3895–7835 in 2030, respectively. Considering AEB’s activation rate and its three main limitations, the adjusted realistic result is approximately 2/5 of the potential maximum result.
Hong Tan; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 917 .
AMA StyleHong Tan, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu, Amer Ahmad Amer, Hassan Babiker. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong Tan; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Amer Ahmad Amer; Hassan Babiker. 2020. "Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 917.
The contribution of Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (SMMEs) will not only weaken but also be strengthened under the background of smart manufacturing. It is the key point of achieving mass individualized production that lots of SMMEs with specialized and excellent manufacturing capability connect to smart manufacturing network. Nowadays, SMMEs of China are facing survival pressure and various severe challenge. Meanwhile, the developing experience and characteristics of SMMEs of China leads to the particularity of their upgrading process to smart manufacturing. The problems of process normalization, essential data, talents, and funds restrict SMMEs from upgrading to smart manufacturing seriously. It is very important for government, professional organizations, scientific research institutions, enterprises to do well on division of work and cooperation aiming at the key problems that enterprises are confronting now, in order to push forward the upgrading task to smart manufacturing together.
Baolei Zhang; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu. Upgrading Strategy of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (SMMEs) to Smart Manufacturing. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019, 627, 012011 .
AMA StyleBaolei Zhang, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu. Upgrading Strategy of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (SMMEs) to Smart Manufacturing. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019; 627 (1):012011.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaolei Zhang; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu. 2019. "Upgrading Strategy of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (SMMEs) to Smart Manufacturing." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 627, no. 1: 012011.
The deployment of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) is regarded as a significant solution to improve road safety, transportation management, and energy efficiency. This study assessed the safety, traffic, environmental, and industrial economic benefits of ICV deployment in China under different scenarios. A bottom-up model was established to deal with these impacts within a unified framework, based on the existing theories and literature of ICVs’ cost–benefit analysis, as well as China’s most recent policies and statistics. The results indicate that the total benefits may reach 13.25 to 24.02 trillion renminbi (RMB) in 2050, while a cumulative benefit–cost ratio of 1.15 to 3.06 suggests high cost-effectiveness. However, if the government and industry only focus on their own interests, the break-even point may be delayed by several years. Hence, an effective business model is necessary to enhance public–private cooperation in ICV implementation. Meanwhile, the savings of travel time costs and fleet labor costs play an important part in all socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, the future design of ICVs should pay more attention to the utilization of in-vehicle time and the real substitution for human drivers.
Xu Kuang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China: A Cost–Benefit Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3273 .
AMA StyleXu Kuang, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China: A Cost–Benefit Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (12):3273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu Kuang; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2019. "Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in China: A Cost–Benefit Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3273.
Electric vehicle, as the most promising innovative solution for energy transition, has gained high priority globally. The newly issued Chinese new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation is expected to have a dramatic impact on the development of Chinese and even global electric vehicle market as well as energy structure. This paper focuses on the development of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles under the regulation and establishes a bottom-up model to compare different batteries from the perspective of credit cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that small BEVs will always have the highest credit cost-effectiveness and midsize BEVs can obtain the highest credit quickly before 2020. As for different Li-ion batteries, the LFP battery is losing superiority compared to NCM batteries, and the NCA battery is slightly inferior to NCM811 because of the technical difficulties through 2020. Under the guidance of policies, the larger the vehicle and AER, the higher nickel batteries will be applied. It’s predictable that with the rapid development of batteries, the credit cost-effectiveness will be higher and higher. Moreover, the capacity of high nickel batteries will continue to expand, which will have a great influence on the demand and price of different materials.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Selection of Lithium-ion Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles under China’s New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 3038 -3044.
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Selection of Lithium-ion Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles under China’s New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation. Energy Procedia. 2019; 158 ():3038-3044.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2019. "Selection of Lithium-ion Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles under China’s New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation." Energy Procedia 158, no. : 3038-3044.
The explosion of the vehicle market in China has caused a series of problems, like energy security, climate change, air pollution, etc. The deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered an effective solution to address these problems. Thus, both the state and local governments in China have launched some policies and incentives to accelerate the development of EVs and the EV industry. Do EVs can effectively solve these problems in short term, viewed from the fleet point? Based on China’s most up-to-date deployment plan for EVs, this paper analyzes the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by China’s road transport sector in three different scenarios. The results indicate that, based on current planning, the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet will peak in 2025 and 2027, at the level of around 403 mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) and 1763 mt CO2 eq. (million tons of CO2 equivalent), respectively. The introduction of EVs will significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuel in the long term, with increasing ownership, while, in the short term, the fuel economy regulation will still play a more important role. Policy makers should continually pay attention to this. Meanwhile, commercial vehicles, especially heavy-duty trucks will account for a bigger and bigger proportion in the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet. Thus, to some extent the focus should shift from passenger vehicles to commercial vehicles. More measures could be implemented.
Feiqi Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts. Energies 2018, 11, 3353 .
AMA StyleFeiqi Liu, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu, Han Hao. China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts. Energies. 2018; 11 (12):3353.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeiqi Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. 2018. "China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts." Energies 11, no. 12: 3353.
With the phasing down of subsidies, China has launched the new energy vehicle (NEV) credit regulation to continuously promote the penetration of electric vehicles. The two policies will coexist through 2020 and definitely pose a dramatic impact on the development of the Chinese and even the global electric vehicle market. However, few studies have systematically investigated the relationship between the two policies as well as the synergistic impacts during the overlap period. This paper interprets the rationales of China’s subsidy policy and NEV credit regulation and establishes a bottom-up model to estimate the synergistic impacts of the two policies on the technological trends of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from the perspective of credit cost-effectiveness. The results suggest that the subsidy policy still maintains strong support for the development of electric vehicles in China. For small BEVs whose driving ranges are higher than 300 km, subsidies even account for 40–50% of the manufacturing cost. In addition, we conclude that the two policies will complement each other in the transitional period and small BEVs are preferred by both policies. Under the NEV credit regulation, 350 km will consistently be the optimal driving range, which will definitely limit the development of other ranges. With the addition of the subsidy, the limitation will be amended in the short run. However, the effect of the subsidy is decreasing and is going to be canceled after 2020, so the focus should be on the optimization of the NEV credit regulation.
Kangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. Synergistic Impacts of China’s Subsidy Policy and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation on the Technological Development of Battery Electric Vehicles. Energies 2018, 11, 3193 .
AMA StyleKangda Chen, Fuquan Zhao, Han Hao, Zongwei Liu. Synergistic Impacts of China’s Subsidy Policy and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation on the Technological Development of Battery Electric Vehicles. Energies. 2018; 11 (11):3193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKangda Chen; Fuquan Zhao; Han Hao; Zongwei Liu. 2018. "Synergistic Impacts of China’s Subsidy Policy and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation on the Technological Development of Battery Electric Vehicles." Energies 11, no. 11: 3193.
The newly launched new energy vehicle credit regulation scheme is expected to have a dramatic impact on the development of the Chinese and global new energy vehicle markets. This paper establishes a bottom-up framework to estimate the impacts of regulation on the technological trends of battery electric vehicles based on the most up-to-date data from the market in China. The results suggest that mini-electric cars will always be the most credit cost-effective. Moreover, 350 km will be the optimal driving range under the credit regulation. With the development of energy-saving technologies, midsize electric vehicles will increase in popularity before 2020 and be the first to receive the highest credit of 6. Additionally, promoted by the regulation, the investment in energy-saving technologies will reduce the cost of batteries and lead to higher credits, especially for large-class and high electric range vehicles. However, the regulation likely faces the risk of losing this positive effect in 2025 or even earlier. To avoid such a circumstance, the relevant policies should be modified before such a scenario occurs.
Fuquan Zhao; Kangda Chen; Han Hao; Sinan Wang; Zongwei Liu. Technology development for electric vehicles under new energy vehicle credit regulation in China: scenarios through 2030. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2018, 21, 275 -289.
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Kangda Chen, Han Hao, Sinan Wang, Zongwei Liu. Technology development for electric vehicles under new energy vehicle credit regulation in China: scenarios through 2030. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 2018; 21 (2):275-289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Kangda Chen; Han Hao; Sinan Wang; Zongwei Liu. 2018. "Technology development for electric vehicles under new energy vehicle credit regulation in China: scenarios through 2030." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 21, no. 2: 275-289.
A super credit policy provides favorable accounting rules for extremely low emission vehicles under several passenger vehicle fuel economy regulations. This policy was initially designed to promote promising advanced technologies complying with fleet-wide fuel economy regulations so that these technologies could achieve cost-effective breakeven points. The favorable multipliers offered range from 3.5 to 1.33 in the various fuel economy regulations by the year 2021. Under China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation, two types of super credit schemes are designed in the Phase IV Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation through 2020. One is the fuel-efficient vehicle super credit for vehicles with fuel consumption rates below the threshold of 2.8 L/100 km. Another is the new energy vehicle super credit for battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. However, the effectiveness of this incentive in promoting electric vehicles and the optimal size of the multiplier are not well understood. This paper analyzes the impacts of the super credit policy from the perspective of automakers. A mathematical model based on combinational optimization is established to describe an automaker's decision-making process, and a genetic algorithm is employed to solve this problem. The conventional and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles cost-effectiveness frontier curves are fitted to illustrate the principle of new energy vehicle and fuel-efficient vehicle super credit schemes. Various multipliers of new energy vehicle and fuel-efficient vehicle super credit policy scenarios are simulated under the 2020 and 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Consumption targets. By analyzing the impact of the policy on the reduction of compliance costs, the super credit multiplier, the cost and the fuel consumption rates reduction effect are found to be the determining factors. The results confirm that the multiplier and China's super credit policy scheme will be effective by 2020, under which plug-in hybrid electric vehicles would account for 7.8% of the fleet at a cost of 6.6% Corporate Average Fuel Consumption target impairment. Under the assumed next phase of regulation by the year 2025, the optimal multipliers for the new energy vehicle and fuel-efficient vehicle super credit will be 1.5 and 1, respectively. It is noteworthy that the super credit policy may impair the energy saving target of Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulations while promoting the market penetration of the targeted technologies. Despite other policies that benefit battery electric vehicles over plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles are not competitive with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under either the 2020 or 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulations. The fuel-efficient vehicle super credit policy will not promote the targeted advanced technologies under the next phase of regulation unless the 2.8 L/100 km fuel-efficient vehicle definition threshold can be adjusted along with the strengthened 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Consumption target.
Sinan Wang; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. Impacts of a super credit policy on electric vehicle penetration and compliance with China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation. Energy 2018, 155, 746 -762.
AMA StyleSinan Wang, Fuquan Zhao, Zongwei Liu, Han Hao. Impacts of a super credit policy on electric vehicle penetration and compliance with China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation. Energy. 2018; 155 ():746-762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSinan Wang; Fuquan Zhao; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. 2018. "Impacts of a super credit policy on electric vehicle penetration and compliance with China's Corporate Average Fuel Consumption regulation." Energy 155, no. : 746-762.
Han Hao; Zongwei Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Jingzheng Ren; Shiyan Chang; Ke Rong; Jiuyu Du. Biofuel for vehicle use in China: Current status, future potential and policy implications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 82, 645 -653.
AMA StyleHan Hao, Zongwei Liu, Fuquan Zhao, Jingzheng Ren, Shiyan Chang, Ke Rong, Jiuyu Du. Biofuel for vehicle use in China: Current status, future potential and policy implications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 82 ():645-653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan Hao; Zongwei Liu; Fuquan Zhao; Jingzheng Ren; Shiyan Chang; Ke Rong; Jiuyu Du. 2018. "Biofuel for vehicle use in China: Current status, future potential and policy implications." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82, no. : 645-653.
Fuquan Zhao; Feiqi Liu; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. Research on Evaluation Index System for Low-carbon Development of China’s Automobile Industry. Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 2018, 20, 104 -112.
AMA StyleFuquan Zhao, Feiqi Liu, Zongwei Liu, Han Hao. Research on Evaluation Index System for Low-carbon Development of China’s Automobile Industry. Chinese Journal of Engineering Science. 2018; 20 (1):104-112.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuquan Zhao; Feiqi Liu; Zongwei Liu; Han Hao. 2018. "Research on Evaluation Index System for Low-carbon Development of China’s Automobile Industry." Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 20, no. 1: 104-112.