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This project investigated the relative efficiencies of three pilot-scale constructed columns for enhancing drainage wastewater treatment processes to ensure compliance with Egyptian and international water quality criteria. In this investigation, basic materials (sand and gravel) and variable natural clay minerals zeolite (Z), diatomite (D) and bentonite (B) were utilized as packing materials to build up a Z column (ZC), D column (DC) and B column (BC), respectively. The three columns’ ability to remove pollutants from waste water for re-use in irrigation was investigated throughout one year (12 trials). The results revealed that the influent water had 211 mg/L total suspended solids, 6.09 mg/L total nitrogen, 36.67 mg/L biochemical oxygen demand, 56 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, 1700 mg/L total dissolved solids, 0.97 mg/L copper (Cu2+), 1.12 mg/L iron (Fe2+), 1.07 mg/L manganese (Mn2+), 1.02 mg/L lead (Pb2+), 1.05 mg/L zinc (Zn2+), and 46 × 103 CFU/mL fecal coliforms. These parameters were higher than the values permitted by Egyptian and international licenses. The range of removal efficiency of these pollutants by ZC was 96–21%, by BC was 99–29.8%, and by DC was 99–19.80%. Regeneration studies for the spent adsorbents demonstrated that the percentages of pollutant removal were sufficiently high. The treated effluent produced by the three columns was suitable for irrigation purposes, especially at a contact time of four hours, with the order for column treatment efficiency being BC ˃ DC ˃ ZC. Treated water was classified for irrigation suitability according to the Agrifood Water Quality Index (AFWQI) as marginal from the ZC, very good from the DC, and excellent from the BC. Treatment of such drainage water using the BC and DC appears feasible, because the process is easily operated and leads to final treated effluent of high quality for agricultural uses. The economic cost also confirms the feasibility of this treatment.
Elsayed ElBastamy; Lubna Ibrahim; Atef Ghandour; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Efficiency of Natural Clay Mineral Adsorbent Filtration Systems in Wastewater Treatment for Potential Irrigation Purposes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5738 .
AMA StyleElsayed ElBastamy, Lubna Ibrahim, Atef Ghandour, Martina Zelenakova, Zuzana Vranayova, Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Efficiency of Natural Clay Mineral Adsorbent Filtration Systems in Wastewater Treatment for Potential Irrigation Purposes. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5738.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElsayed ElBastamy; Lubna Ibrahim; Atef Ghandour; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. 2021. "Efficiency of Natural Clay Mineral Adsorbent Filtration Systems in Wastewater Treatment for Potential Irrigation Purposes." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5738.
This study deals with the manufacture of a specific cocoa-like powder from Egyptian carob. The crucial unit operation consists of texturing/roasting unseeded carob kibbles, with the aim being to ensure perfect control of the chemical transformations that generate the desired flavor, drying to remove excess moisture, deodorizing to eliminate the undesirable flavor, and texturing to favor the physical/micro-mechanical changes that regulate the microstructure of the end product, in order to obtain an expanded-granule powder that can be used in many food formulations. The effect of saturated steam pressure of 0.30–0.60 MPa (133.5–158.8 °C) and processing time of 40–70 s, on the sensory attributes, physical and functional properties, and color characteristics were evaluated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). DIC-texturing/roasting could be used to improve the sensory and color characteristics, increase the expansion ratio and oil holding capacity, and decrease the bulk density of DIC-textured/roasted carob powder. The desired quality of textured/roasted carob powder was obtained at 0.60 MPa (158.8 °C) for 55 s (experimental conditions) with water holding capacity close to those of non-textured/unroasted sample. DIC can be used as a coupled process of texturing and roasting at 0.60 MPa for 68 s as predicted by RSM.
Sabah Mounir; Atef Ghandour; Rana Mustafa; Karim Allaf. Can hydro-thermo-mechanical treatment by instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC) be used as short time roasting process? Effect of processing parameters on sensory, physical, functional, and color attributes of Egyptian carob powder. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020, 58, 451 -464.
AMA StyleSabah Mounir, Atef Ghandour, Rana Mustafa, Karim Allaf. Can hydro-thermo-mechanical treatment by instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC) be used as short time roasting process? Effect of processing parameters on sensory, physical, functional, and color attributes of Egyptian carob powder. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2020; 58 (2):451-464.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabah Mounir; Atef Ghandour; Rana Mustafa; Karim Allaf. 2020. "Can hydro-thermo-mechanical treatment by instant controlled pressure-drop (DIC) be used as short time roasting process? Effect of processing parameters on sensory, physical, functional, and color attributes of Egyptian carob powder." Journal of Food Science and Technology 58, no. 2: 451-464.
This study is aimed at comparing swell drying versus conventional shade drying and optimizing the texturing by instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) of green okra pods. Differences in quality attributes such as content of flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll pigments, functional characteristics such as the antioxidant activity (AOA), microstructure and relative expansion ratio of dried okra pods were considered. The DIC processing parameters were the saturated steam pressure (0.2-0.6 MPa) and duration (40-60 s). A 2-parameter, 5-level central composite rotatable design was selected for establishing the experimental trials. They represent 8 factorial and star trials, and five repetitions of central/middle point of the square edges. Significant variations in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll pigments were observed between swell-dried and conventional shadow dried okra pods. An increase of 25% and 99% was respectively observed for the relative expansion ratio and flavonoid content in swell dried okra pods compared with conventional shadow dried ones. The microstructure observations showed a significantly more porous open solid matrix of swell-dried okra pods compared to the compact/dense solid matrix of the conventional shadow dried okra pods. The optimum conditions of DIC-texturing were found to be 0.4 MPa for 50 s exhibiting the highest values of total phenolic content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll pigments with good preservation of the carotenoid content.
Sabah Mounir; Atef Ghandour; Carmen Téllez-Pérez; Ahmed A. Aly; Arun S. Mujumdar; Karim Allaf. Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and microstructure of dried okra pods: swell-drying by instant controlled pressure drop versus conventional shade drying. Drying Technology 2020, 1 -15.
AMA StyleSabah Mounir, Atef Ghandour, Carmen Téllez-Pérez, Ahmed A. Aly, Arun S. Mujumdar, Karim Allaf. Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and microstructure of dried okra pods: swell-drying by instant controlled pressure drop versus conventional shade drying. Drying Technology. 2020; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSabah Mounir; Atef Ghandour; Carmen Téllez-Pérez; Ahmed A. Aly; Arun S. Mujumdar; Karim Allaf. 2020. "Phytochemicals, chlorophyll pigments, antioxidant activity, relative expansion ratio, and microstructure of dried okra pods: swell-drying by instant controlled pressure drop versus conventional shade drying." Drying Technology , no. : 1-15.
The experiments were carried out at Moshtohor, Kalubia governorate (latitude, 30° 21′N; longitude, 31° 14′E; and elevation, 14 m), during 2015/2016 growing seasons to test model application of wheat under Egyptian conditions. A computer application program has been developed as Consumptive Use Program plus (CUP plus) as it is an application that can estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw). The program uses daily and monthly measured weather data to estimate daily soil water balances for surfaces that account for evapotranspiration losses and water contributions from rainfall, seepage, and irrigation. Soil water-holding characteristics, effective rooting depths, and irrigation frequency were measured with rainfall and ETc data to calculate a daily water balance and determine rainfall and ETaw, which is equal to the seasonal cumulative ETc minus the effective rainfall. The main objective of this paper research is testing a mode for determining reference evapotranspiration (ETo), crop coefficient (Kc) values, crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and evapotranspiration of applied water (ETaw), which provides an estimate of the net irrigation water diversion needed to produce a crop. The obtained results show that ETo arrives to the maximum in May by 188.19 mm/month, but ETaw arrives at the maximum in April by 110.71 mm/month. The application outputs and includes a wide range of tables and charts that are useful for irrigation planning and decision-making.
Atef Ghandour. Land, Air, and Water Resources on Sustainable Agricultural Development in Egypt. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2018, 49 -67.
AMA StyleAtef Ghandour. Land, Air, and Water Resources on Sustainable Agricultural Development in Egypt. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2018; ():49-67.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtef Ghandour. 2018. "Land, Air, and Water Resources on Sustainable Agricultural Development in Egypt." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 49-67.
The ASCE-EWRI recently published a report on the estimation of reference evapotranspiration for short canopies (ETo) and tall canopies (ETr) using a modified Penman-Monteith equation. Currently, another EWRI committee is developing crop coefficient (Kc) values to estimate crop evapotranspiration by multiplying by either ETo or ETr. Most crop coefficients were developed using either ETo or ETr, and, because the relationship between ETo and ETr varies with microclimate, it is difficult to convert crop coefficients from one reference surface to the other. In this paper, a simple method to convert between ETo and ETr and between the corresponding Kco and Kcr factors is discussed.
Atef Ghandour; Richard L. Snyder; Kent Frame; Simon Eching; Bekele Temesgen; Baryohay Davidoff. Converting KC Values between EToand ETr. World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006 2006, 1 .
AMA StyleAtef Ghandour, Richard L. Snyder, Kent Frame, Simon Eching, Bekele Temesgen, Baryohay Davidoff. Converting KC Values between EToand ETr. World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006. 2006; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtef Ghandour; Richard L. Snyder; Kent Frame; Simon Eching; Bekele Temesgen; Baryohay Davidoff. 2006. "Converting KC Values between EToand ETr." World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006 , no. : 1.