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Prof. Zuzana Vranayová
Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Civil Engineering

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0 Water - Energy Nexus
0 Green infrastructures
0 Rain Water Harvesting
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Journal article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Water
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There is consensus on the impact of wastewater irrigation on soil properties and heavy metal accumulation. The studies that show the impact of temporal changes as a result of different long-term additions of wastewater on the heavy metal accumulation and degradation of soil are extremely limited. This study was carried out to assess heavy metal contamination in soils irrigated with wastewater for more than 30 years in Egypt. A total number of 12 irrigation water samples and 12 soil profiles were collected during 2020 and were chemically characterized. The results showed that soils irrigated with wastewater over the long term contained significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals compared to fields irrigated with fresh water. Heavy metal levels in water and soil samples were within the permissible limits, with the exception of Cd concentration in water (0.03 mg L−1). Continuous cultivation for a long period of time (30 years) using raw urban wastewater application has led to the adverse effect of increasingly available Pb concentration (5.44 mg kg−1). Similar temporal behavior was seen for Cd and Fe, which increased by 0.98 and 11.2 mg kg−1, respectively, after 30 years. The heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils significantly increased in clayey soils, as compared to sandy soils irrigated from the same source. Our findings provide important information for decision makers in Egypt and similar countries for the development of a strategy for the use of wastewater in irrigation for sustainable agricultural management.

ACS Style

Manal A. Alnaimy; Sahar A. Shahin; Zuzana Vranayova; Martina Zelenakova; Enas Mohamed Wagdi Abdel-Hamed. Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Pollution and Degradation: A Case Study from Egypt. Water 2021, 13, 2245 .

AMA Style

Manal A. Alnaimy, Sahar A. Shahin, Zuzana Vranayova, Martina Zelenakova, Enas Mohamed Wagdi Abdel-Hamed. Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Pollution and Degradation: A Case Study from Egypt. Water. 2021; 13 (16):2245.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manal A. Alnaimy; Sahar A. Shahin; Zuzana Vranayova; Martina Zelenakova; Enas Mohamed Wagdi Abdel-Hamed. 2021. "Long-Term Impact of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Pollution and Degradation: A Case Study from Egypt." Water 13, no. 16: 2245.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aims to investigate the impact of using untreated wastewater in irrigation. Different scenarios of management were applied by mixing it with treated wastewater or freshwater on groundwater quality. A hypothetical case study is presented. The numerical model of MODFLOW is used in the simulation by applying four stages (21 scenarios) including: different values of pumping rates, changing wastewater recharge rates, and a combination of the previous scenarios. Additionally, protection scenario for groundwater was applied by using different values of mixing of freshwater with wastewater. The simulation was carried out for the contamination of Chemical Oxygen Demand COD and the concentration reached 48.6 ppm at a depth of 25 m and 19.41 ppm at a depth of 50 m in the base case. The results showed a negative impact on groundwater quality had occurred due to increasing the pumping rates, wastewater recharge rates, and combination between two scenarios, which led to an increase of the contaminants in the aquifers. However, positive protection effects occurred due to mixing the wastewater with treated wastewater. The results of COD concentration in groundwater using treated wastewater reached 81.82, 77.88, 74.03, 70.12, and 66.15 ppm at a depth of 25 m and 53.53, 50.95, 48.43, 45.87, and 43.28 ppm at a depth of 50 m, at concentrations of 93, 88.52, 84.14, 79.7, and 75.19 ppm with constant pumping and recharge rates of 4320 m3/d and 547.5 mm/year, respectively. The using of treated wastewater could improve the groundwater quality to be used in the irrigation process and help to minimize groundwater contamination. Moreover, the abstraction of the groundwater should be optimized, and the qualities of wastewater should be constrained in agriculture to protect the groundwater quality.

ACS Style

Hany Abd-Elhamid; Shaimaa Abd-Elmoneem; Gamal Abdelaal; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayova; Ismail Abd-Elaty. Investigating and Managing the Impact of Using Untreated Wastewater for Irrigation on the Groundwater Quality in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7485 .

AMA Style

Hany Abd-Elhamid, Shaimaa Abd-Elmoneem, Gamal Abdelaal, Martina Zeleňáková, Zuzana Vranayova, Ismail Abd-Elaty. Investigating and Managing the Impact of Using Untreated Wastewater for Irrigation on the Groundwater Quality in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hany Abd-Elhamid; Shaimaa Abd-Elmoneem; Gamal Abdelaal; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayova; Ismail Abd-Elaty. 2021. "Investigating and Managing the Impact of Using Untreated Wastewater for Irrigation on the Groundwater Quality in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7485.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Sustainability
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This project investigated the relative efficiencies of three pilot-scale constructed columns for enhancing drainage wastewater treatment processes to ensure compliance with Egyptian and international water quality criteria. In this investigation, basic materials (sand and gravel) and variable natural clay minerals zeolite (Z), diatomite (D) and bentonite (B) were utilized as packing materials to build up a Z column (ZC), D column (DC) and B column (BC), respectively. The three columns’ ability to remove pollutants from waste water for re-use in irrigation was investigated throughout one year (12 trials). The results revealed that the influent water had 211 mg/L total suspended solids, 6.09 mg/L total nitrogen, 36.67 mg/L biochemical oxygen demand, 56 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, 1700 mg/L total dissolved solids, 0.97 mg/L copper (Cu2+), 1.12 mg/L iron (Fe2+), 1.07 mg/L manganese (Mn2+), 1.02 mg/L lead (Pb2+), 1.05 mg/L zinc (Zn2+), and 46 × 103 CFU/mL fecal coliforms. These parameters were higher than the values permitted by Egyptian and international licenses. The range of removal efficiency of these pollutants by ZC was 96–21%, by BC was 99–29.8%, and by DC was 99–19.80%. Regeneration studies for the spent adsorbents demonstrated that the percentages of pollutant removal were sufficiently high. The treated effluent produced by the three columns was suitable for irrigation purposes, especially at a contact time of four hours, with the order for column treatment efficiency being BC ˃ DC ˃ ZC. Treated water was classified for irrigation suitability according to the Agrifood Water Quality Index (AFWQI) as marginal from the ZC, very good from the DC, and excellent from the BC. Treatment of such drainage water using the BC and DC appears feasible, because the process is easily operated and leads to final treated effluent of high quality for agricultural uses. The economic cost also confirms the feasibility of this treatment.

ACS Style

Elsayed ElBastamy; Lubna Ibrahim; Atef Ghandour; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Efficiency of Natural Clay Mineral Adsorbent Filtration Systems in Wastewater Treatment for Potential Irrigation Purposes. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5738 .

AMA Style

Elsayed ElBastamy, Lubna Ibrahim, Atef Ghandour, Martina Zelenakova, Zuzana Vranayova, Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Efficiency of Natural Clay Mineral Adsorbent Filtration Systems in Wastewater Treatment for Potential Irrigation Purposes. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5738.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elsayed ElBastamy; Lubna Ibrahim; Atef Ghandour; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. 2021. "Efficiency of Natural Clay Mineral Adsorbent Filtration Systems in Wastewater Treatment for Potential Irrigation Purposes." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5738.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Water elements with flowing water on the surface are common in buildings as a form of indoor decoration, and they are most often perceived as passive humidifiers. However, by controlling water temperature, they can be also used for air dehumidification. The dehumidification capacity of indoor water elements was investigated experimentally under laboratory conditions. For the experimental verification of dehumidification capacity, a water wall prototype with an effective area of falling water film of 1 m2 and a measuring system were designed and developed. A total of 15 measurements were carried out with air temperatures ranging from 22.1 °C to 32.5 °C and relative humidity from 58.9% to 85.6%. The observed dehumidification capacity varied in the range of 21.99–315.36 g/h for the tested measurements. The results show that the condensation rate is a dynamic process, and the dehumidification capacity of a water wall strongly depends on indoor air parameters (air humidity and temperature). To determine the dehumidification capacity of a water wall for any boundary conditions, the equations were determined based on measured data, and two methods were used: the linear dependence between humidity ratio and condensation rate, and nonlinear surface fitting based on the dependence between the condensation rate, air temperature, and relative humidity.

ACS Style

Katarina Cakyova; Frantisek Vranay; Marian Vertal; Zuzana Vranayova. Determination of Dehumidification Capacity of Water Wall with Controlled Water Temperature: Experimental Verification under Laboratory Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5684 .

AMA Style

Katarina Cakyova, Frantisek Vranay, Marian Vertal, Zuzana Vranayova. Determination of Dehumidification Capacity of Water Wall with Controlled Water Temperature: Experimental Verification under Laboratory Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (10):5684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarina Cakyova; Frantisek Vranay; Marian Vertal; Zuzana Vranayova. 2021. "Determination of Dehumidification Capacity of Water Wall with Controlled Water Temperature: Experimental Verification under Laboratory Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 10: 5684.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2021 in Water
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The shortage of water is a major obstruction to the social and economic development of many countries, including Egypt. Therefore, there is an urgent need to properly manage water resources to achieve optimum water use. One way of saving available water resources is to reduce evaporation that leads to the loss of a large amount of water from reservoirs and open lakes. This paper aims to use a floating photovoltaic system (FPVS) to cover a lake’s water surface to reduce evaporation and also for energy production. This methodology was applied to Lake Nasser as one of the largest lakes in the world where much evaporation happens due to its large area, arid environments, and the shallow depths of some parts of the lake. The estimated evaporation from the lake was 12.0 × 109 m3/year. The results show that covering 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the lake can save about 2.1, 4.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 8.4 × 109 m3/year and produce energy of 2.85 × 109, 5.67 × 109, 8.54 × 109, and 11.38 × 109 MWh/year, respectively. Covering areas of shallow water depth was more efficient and economical. The results show that covering 15% of the lake’s area (depths from 0.0 to 3.0 m) can save 2.66 × 109 m3/year and produce 1.7 MWh/year. Covering 25% of the lake’s area (depths from 0.0 to 7.0) can save 3.5 × 109 m3/year and produce 2.854 MWh/year. Using an FPVS to cover parts of Lake Nasser could help manage water resources and energy production for Egypt to overcome the likely shortage of water resources due to population growth. This system could be applied in different locations of the world which could help in increasing water resources and energy production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

ACS Style

Hany Abd-Elhamid; Ashraf Ahmed; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayová; Ismail Fathy. Reservoir Management by Reducing Evaporation Using Floating Photovoltaic System: A Case Study of Lake Nasser, Egypt. Water 2021, 13, 769 .

AMA Style

Hany Abd-Elhamid, Ashraf Ahmed, Martina Zeleňáková, Zuzana Vranayová, Ismail Fathy. Reservoir Management by Reducing Evaporation Using Floating Photovoltaic System: A Case Study of Lake Nasser, Egypt. Water. 2021; 13 (6):769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hany Abd-Elhamid; Ashraf Ahmed; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayová; Ismail Fathy. 2021. "Reservoir Management by Reducing Evaporation Using Floating Photovoltaic System: A Case Study of Lake Nasser, Egypt." Water 13, no. 6: 769.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in Sustainability
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Preserving the sustainable agriculture concept requires identifying the plant response to the water regime and rationing the water for irrigation. This research compares different irrigation designs coupled with a parametric evaluation system on soil water erosion and soil suitability to assess the sites vulnerable to soil erosion based on a soil water erosion model (ImpelERO) in an area of 150.0 hectares, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Land suitability maps are prepared using the Geographic Information System (GIS), and the soil properties are analyzed and evaluated for the different surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation methods. The results show that the sprinkler and drip irrigation strategies are more practical irrigation methods and additional environment friendly than surface irrigation for enhancing land productivity. Moreover, the principle acumen for creating use of the surface irrigation on this space is for lowering the soil salinity. Land capability index for surface irrigation ranges from 20.5 to 72.2% (permanently not suitable N2 to moderately suitable S2); and the max capability index (Ci) for drip irrigation was 81.3% (highly suitable-S1), while the mean capability index (Ci) was 42.87% (Currently not suitable-NI). The land suitability of the study area using sprinkler irrigation was ranked as highly suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), and currently not suitable (N1). Thus, the obtained data indicated that applying drip irrigation (trickle irrigation) was the most efficient system compared to the sprinkle and surface irrigation systems. To identify the soil, water erosion vulnerability, and soil optimal management strategies for the agricultural parcel in that region, the ImpelERO model (soil erosion vulnerability/impact/management) was applied. Erosion risk classes ranged from V2 (small) to V3 (moderate), that that region categorized as small-sensitive to water erosion by alfalfa, to moderate-sensitive to water erosion by olive. The results of soil losses varied from 7.1 to 37.9 t ha−1 yr−1 with an average of 17.7 t ha−1 yr−1. Thus, guarantee efficient water use and soil suitability for food production in the future will require the use of an efficient irrigation system.

ACS Style

Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Ahmed Sayed; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayová; Mohamed Khalil. Soil Water Erosion Vulnerability and Suitability under Different Irrigation Systems Using Parametric Approach and GIS, Ismailia, Egypt. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1057 .

AMA Style

Mohamed Abu-Hashim, Ahmed Sayed, Martina Zelenakova, Zuzana Vranayová, Mohamed Khalil. Soil Water Erosion Vulnerability and Suitability under Different Irrigation Systems Using Parametric Approach and GIS, Ismailia, Egypt. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1057.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Ahmed Sayed; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayová; Mohamed Khalil. 2021. "Soil Water Erosion Vulnerability and Suitability under Different Irrigation Systems Using Parametric Approach and GIS, Ismailia, Egypt." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1057.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2020 in Sustainability
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In 2020, all the world has been confronted with COVID-19. Bringing people together in buildings is proving to be a risk factor that we have to deal with. Although the greatest attention is paid to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, there are a number of other pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.) that can be transmitted through the air. These pathogens are sensitive to UV-C radiation. UV-C fluorescent lamps have been developed with technical parameters that are adapted to HVAC operating conditions. By using germicidal sources to disinfect the transported air, more than 90% of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, more than 97% of Influenza A virus, and 100% of Legionella pneumophila can be inactivated. The use of UV-C emitters for air disinfection allows the use of circulation and recuperation. Total balance of energy and CO2 emissions by variants and energies used, including humidification were performed for Slovak conditions. The operation of germicidal sources during the heating period in selected cities in our example would represent only 0.45% of the difference in heat demand and 0.42% of the difference in energy demand between operation according to recommendations and operation with germicidal sources. It is therefore an effective means of ensuring health safety and energy efficiency for the future.

ACS Style

Frantisek Vranay; Ladislav Pirsel; Richard Kacik; Zuzana Vranayova. Adaptation of HVAC Systems to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in Buildings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9992 .

AMA Style

Frantisek Vranay, Ladislav Pirsel, Richard Kacik, Zuzana Vranayova. Adaptation of HVAC Systems to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in Buildings. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):9992.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frantisek Vranay; Ladislav Pirsel; Richard Kacik; Zuzana Vranayova. 2020. "Adaptation of HVAC Systems to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19 in Buildings." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9992.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2020 in Water
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Debris accumulations upstream and through crossing hydraulic structures such as culverts cause the upstream water level and the downstream scour depth to increase, which can lead to structure failure. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of various inlet blockage ratios on culvert efficiency and scour hole depth. In a non-blocked case, various submergence ratios (S = 1.06, 1.33, 1.60, and 1.90) were tested with different discharge rates. In a blocked case, the effects of inlet blockage with various blockage ratios (Ar = 10%, 20%, and 30%) were seen as sediment blockage on the pipe bed or floating debris upstream of the culvert. The results show that as the submergence ratio increases, the maximum scour depth decreases at the same discharge rate, and the relative energy loss also decreases in the non-blocked case. In the sediment blockage (Ar d) case, the relative maximum depth increases with increasing densimetric Froude number and with an increasing blockage ratio. An empirical equation was developed to predict the relative scour depth under the present study conditions.

ACS Style

Nesreen Taha; Maged M. El-Feky; Atef A. El-Saiad; Martina Zelenakova; Frantisek Vranay; Ismail Fathy. Study of Scour Characteristics Downstream of Partially-Blocked Circular Culverts. Water 2020, 12, 2845 .

AMA Style

Nesreen Taha, Maged M. El-Feky, Atef A. El-Saiad, Martina Zelenakova, Frantisek Vranay, Ismail Fathy. Study of Scour Characteristics Downstream of Partially-Blocked Circular Culverts. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2845.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nesreen Taha; Maged M. El-Feky; Atef A. El-Saiad; Martina Zelenakova; Frantisek Vranay; Ismail Fathy. 2020. "Study of Scour Characteristics Downstream of Partially-Blocked Circular Culverts." Water 12, no. 10: 2845.

Conference paper
Published: 17 August 2020 in Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering
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The paper presents an experiment on green wall performed to apprehend its thermal and hydrological behavior and its impact inside building. The experiment is based on a living wall set up in a classroom of the faculty in TUKE campus in Košice where the interior green wall is situated. Monitoring of temperature, humidity and CO2 variations within the living wall and a reference case enable us to analyze effects of green walls. During the measurements, set of questions were answered. The data of respondents are used for gaining the goal of this interdisciplinary research, the effect of green wall on the well-being of people. The measurements were carried out in the classroom between January 04, 2018 and February 08, 2018. It can be stated that women are more sensitive to changes than men. Following the measurements, the green wall is very favorable for the indoor environment.

ACS Style

Zuzana Poorova; Zuzana Vranayová. Humidity, Air Temperature, CO2 and Well-Being of People with and Without Green Wall. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 2020, 336 -346.

AMA Style

Zuzana Poorova, Zuzana Vranayová. Humidity, Air Temperature, CO2 and Well-Being of People with and Without Green Wall. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2020; ():336-346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zuzana Poorova; Zuzana Vranayová. 2020. "Humidity, Air Temperature, CO2 and Well-Being of People with and Without Green Wall." Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering , no. : 336-346.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Unsustainable agricultural practices that minimize soil organic matter can promote the removal of heavy metal pollutants into the food chain. Such polluted soils can release contaminants into the groundwater, which leads to accumulation in plant tissue that is transferred to animals, birds, insects, and humans. Biomonitors of soil pollution with heavy metals can be identified by the ground beetles Calosoma chlorostictum (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as bioindicators of soil quality and its yield sustainability. The experiment was performed on two sites in Zagazig City (30.62°N, 31.44°E), Egypt. The physicochemical parameters indicated that soil moisture and organic matter had the highest differences in the polluted agricultural soil compared to the reference soil. However, there were no significant differences in chloride content. The atomic absorption analysis exhibited the highest concentration recorded for arsenic (As) and the lowest for selenium (Se) in the polluted soil and the insect’s midgut. Meanwhile, the differences between heavy metal concentrations in the total soil and midgut of C. chlorostictum from current sites indicated that the highest differences were in aluminum (Al) and mercury (Hg), while arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) were the lowest. Furthermore, the correlation between heavy metal concentrations in the soil and insect midgut was highest in As, while the lowest correlation was noticed in Al. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that showed a more considerable disturbance in the C. chlorostictum midgut epithelial layer collected from the agricultural area than in the insects collected from the reference area. Evident ultrastructural alterations showed a rupture and distortion of microvilli, destruction of the columnar and regenerative cells, large separation between epithelial cells, and stretching of the cellular axis, as a result of which the lumen became very narrow. Moreover, a lot of vacuoles with little enzyme secretion were observed in the columnar epithelial cells. In addition, other manifestations due to pollution with heavy metals such as a pyknotic nucleus with abnormal chromatin, cytoplasmic vacuolization, disruptions, and vacuolation of mitochondria were detected, as well as the appearance of electron-dense vesicles, a lot of lysosomes, large myelin figures, and dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum on account of soil contamination. Potential counteractive health influence in such applications could be avoided if the soil was adequately treated.

ACS Style

Enas E. Nasr; Zeinab Z. Khater; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Soil Physicochemical Properties, Metal Deposition, and Ultrastructural Midgut Changes in Ground Beetles, Calosoma chlorostictum, under Agricultural Pollution. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Enas E. Nasr, Zeinab Z. Khater, Martina Zelenakova, Zuzana Vranayova, Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Soil Physicochemical Properties, Metal Deposition, and Ultrastructural Midgut Changes in Ground Beetles, Calosoma chlorostictum, under Agricultural Pollution. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enas E. Nasr; Zeinab Z. Khater; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. 2020. "Soil Physicochemical Properties, Metal Deposition, and Ultrastructural Midgut Changes in Ground Beetles, Calosoma chlorostictum, under Agricultural Pollution." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 June 2020 in Sustainability
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Soil carbon sequestration is a riskier long-term strategy for climate mitigation than direct emissions reduction, but it plays a main role in closing carbon emission gaps. Effects of long-term cultivation on soil carbon sequestration were studied at the western edge of the Nile Delta near Alexandria, Egypt. Seven agricultural fields of different ages (0–50 years in use) were selected and compared with the surrounding desert (virgin soil) and desert shrub-land. Samples were taken at three horizons, 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm, and tested for differences in physical and chemical properties. The results of long-term cultivation reveal that the European Commission (EC) value was 11.77 dS/m in virgin soil, while the EC values decreased to 5.82, 4.23, 3.74, 2.40, and 2.26 dS/m after 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 years of cultivation, respectively. The calcareous rock fraction smaller than 50 μm in size revealed another phenomenon, where active calcium carbonate content increased with cultivation practices from 1.15% (virgin soil) to 5.42%, 6.47%, 8.38%, and 10.13% after 5, 10, 20, and 30 years of cultivation, respectively, while shrub-land also showed a low amount of active CaCO3 with 1.38%. In fifty years of cultivation, soil bulk density decreased significantly from 1.67 to 1.11 g/cm3, and it decreased to 1.65, 1.44, 1.40, and 1.25 g/cm3 after 5, 10, 20, and 30 years, respectively. These results reveal that the increase in soil carbon stock in the upper 90 cm amounted to 41.02 t C/ha after five years of cultivation, compared to virgin soil with 13.47 t C/ha. Soil carbon levels increased steeply during the five years of cultivation, with an average rate of 8.20 t C/ha per year in the upper 90 cm. After the first five years of cultivation, the carbon sequestration rate slowed, reaching 4.68, 3.77, 2.58, and 1.93 t C/ha per year after 10, 20, 30, and 50 years, respectively, resulting in sequestration-potential values of 46.78, 75.63, 77.43, and 96.45 t C/ha. These results indicate that potential soil carbon sequestration resembles a logarithmic curve until the equilibrium state between carbon application and decomposition by microorganisms is reached.

ACS Style

Manal Alnaimy; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Effects of Temporal Variation in Long-Term Cultivation on Organic Carbon Sequestration in Calcareous Soils: Nile Delta, Egypt. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Manal Alnaimy, Martina Zelenakova, Zuzana Vranayova, Mohamed Abu-Hashim. Effects of Temporal Variation in Long-Term Cultivation on Organic Carbon Sequestration in Calcareous Soils: Nile Delta, Egypt. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manal Alnaimy; Martina Zelenakova; Zuzana Vranayova; Mohamed Abu-Hashim. 2020. "Effects of Temporal Variation in Long-Term Cultivation on Organic Carbon Sequestration in Calcareous Soils: Nile Delta, Egypt." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 1.

Journal article
Published: 31 May 2020 in Water
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Urban growth is one of the major causes of flooding in urban areas. This affects the runoff coefficients, which is among the most important factors that affect the design of storm water drainage systems. Changing the runoff coefficient will affect the design parameters of the drainage network, including outfall discharge, velocity, lag time and cost of construction. This study aims to assess the effect of changing the runoff coefficient due to urban growth on the design of a storm water drainage system. The hydrological models Hyfran, StormCAD and GIS are used to analyze different runoff coefficients. This study examines three zones in Dammam in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The data developed from the models for the current case studies are used to develop an empirical equation to predict the max discharge for other catchments. The discharge is a function of the return period, runoff coefficient, drainage density, longest path, rainfall intensity and catchment area. To validate the developed equation, we use it to estimate the discharge in a real case study in South Korea. A comparison between the measured discharge and estimated discharge shows that the empirical equation is capable of predicting the maximum discharge for different catchments with high accuracy. Then, the validation of the models is carried out to determine the effect of the runoff coefficient on the design of a storm water drainage system in a case study in KSA. The results show that an increasing runoff coefficient due to urban growth increases the outfall discharge and velocity of storm water drainage systems, as well as affecting the cost of construction and decreasing the lag time. The cost increases by two to three times with increasing urbanization. This study provides a new perspective on the hydrologic impact of urban growth on the design of storm water drainage systems, which are essential for flood management. Moreover, the relationship between urban growth and the cost of storm drainage networks is explored, which could help decision makers to make appropriate judgements.

ACS Style

Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayová; Ismail Fathy. Evaluating the Impact of Urban Growth on the Design of Storm Water Drainage Systems. Water 2020, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Hany F. Abd-Elhamid, Martina Zeleňáková, Zuzana Vranayová, Ismail Fathy. Evaluating the Impact of Urban Growth on the Design of Storm Water Drainage Systems. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hany F. Abd-Elhamid; Martina Zeleňáková; Zuzana Vranayová; Ismail Fathy. 2020. "Evaluating the Impact of Urban Growth on the Design of Storm Water Drainage Systems." Water 12, no. 6: 1.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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The experimental study of vegetated walls and their effects on humidity, air temperature and CO2is essential. This paper presents an experiment on a green wall to apprehend its thermal and hydrological behavior and its impact inside the building. The experiment is based on a living wall set up in a classroom. Monitoring of temperature, humidity and CO2 variations within the living wall and a reference case enabled us to analyze the effects of green walls. Measurements were performed in Košice, a city in Slovakia. During the measurements, a set of questions were answered. The data from the respondents were used to achievethe goal of this interdisciplinary research, which was to identify the effect of green walls on the well-being of people. It can be stated that women are more sensitive to changes than men. Following the measurements, it can be stated that the green wall is very favorable for indoor environments. The optimum relative air humidity in rooms such as classrooms, hotels and theaters is from 30% to 70%. From a relative humidity perspective, green walls appear to be beneficial for indoor buildings.

ACS Style

Zuzana Poórová; Adriana Turcovská; Peter Kapalo; Zuzana Vranayová. The Effect of Green Walls on Humidity, Air Temperature, Co2 and Well-Being of People. Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 2, 56 .

AMA Style

Zuzana Poórová, Adriana Turcovská, Peter Kapalo, Zuzana Vranayová. The Effect of Green Walls on Humidity, Air Temperature, Co2 and Well-Being of People. Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 2 (1):56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zuzana Poórová; Adriana Turcovská; Peter Kapalo; Zuzana Vranayová. 2020. "The Effect of Green Walls on Humidity, Air Temperature, Co2 and Well-Being of People." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1: 56.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2019 in Water
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Evaluating water quality indicators is a crucial issue in integrated water resource management, since potable water is an essential resource for the world's health and sustainable development. The current study was developed using a coupled model of MODFLOW and MT3DMS (Mass Transport 3-Dimension Multi-Species) to integrate two water supply systems, surface water (polluted drains and canals) and ground water, to identify the contamination process of the groundwater from drains as fresh water is polluted and the contamination level exceeds the standard limits. The study was applied to two cases: the first was a hypothetical simulation and the second was the real case of the Nile Delta Aquifer (NDA). Four different scenarios were simulated to first identify groundwater contamination by total dissolved solids (TDS), and then select the more efficient protection process. The first scenario involved changing polluted drain and canal boundary conditions regarding head and concentration; the second consisted of studying the location of the polluted drain in a low permeability layer or a confined aquifer; the third was based on installing a cut-off wall in the polluted drain sides; and the fourth investigated the use of lining materials for polluted drains. The results reveal that aquifer contamination was decreased by increasing the water head of canals by 50 cm and decreasing the drain head by 50 cm and concentration by 25%, whereby large quantities of groundwater were protected. The percentages of salt repulsion in the hypothetical case were +10.66, +12.89, and +24.99%, while in NDA they were +6.29, +8.71, and +25% respectively compared with the base case. Decreasing the aquifer hydraulic conductivity led to decrease in aquifer contamination, in which the confined aquifer pollution was less than the unconfined aquifers due to the clay cap, which plays a significant role in minimizing the solute transport into the groundwater reservoir, and to reduction of the aquifer salt variation by +19.01% for the hypothetical case. The results indicate that the cut-off wall is effective for contamination management in shallow aquifers (hypothetical case) and the reduction in aquifer salt was +28.49%, whereas it had no effect in the deep aquifer (NDA), where the salt was reduced by just +0.34%. Using the drain lining scenario prevented contamination from the polluted drains and protected the freshwater in the aquifer, so that the aquifer salt mass reductions were +91.02 and +70.13% for the hypothetical case and NDA respectively, indicating that this method is more effective for controlling groundwater contamination. Polluted drains should be located in a low permeability layer to minimize the water degradation. This study represents a new contribution to groundwater protection techniques by changing the boundary conditions, installing a cut-off wall and using linings for polluted drains, and shows the way forward for the future treatment of polluted stream networks.

ACS Style

Ismail Abd-Elaty; Martina Zelenakova; Salvatore Straface; Zuzana Vranayová; Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Abd- Elaty; Abu- Hashim. Integrated Modelling for Groundwater Contamination from Polluted Streams Using New Protection Process Techniques. Water 2019, 11, 2321 .

AMA Style

Ismail Abd-Elaty, Martina Zelenakova, Salvatore Straface, Zuzana Vranayová, Mohamed Abu-Hashim, Abd- Elaty, Abu- Hashim. Integrated Modelling for Groundwater Contamination from Polluted Streams Using New Protection Process Techniques. Water. 2019; 11 (11):2321.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ismail Abd-Elaty; Martina Zelenakova; Salvatore Straface; Zuzana Vranayová; Mohamed Abu-Hashim; Abd- Elaty; Abu- Hashim. 2019. "Integrated Modelling for Groundwater Contamination from Polluted Streams Using New Protection Process Techniques." Water 11, no. 11: 2321.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2019 in Water
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Stability of canals slopes are of paramount importance in engineering works due to its interaction with the infrastructure including roads networks and buildings. The failure of these slopes could cause human disaster, catastrophic environmental, and economic losses. The present study aims to investigate the stability of canals slopes considering the climate changes through sea level rise, fluctuation of groundwater level and the seismic actions. The study was simulated on the North Eastern part of Nile Delta aquifer, Egypt using the finite difference code of Visual MODFLOW. Moreover, the groundwater flow under the effect of sea level rise was investigated to study its effect on slope stability of El-Salam Canal, Egypt. Furthermore, the finite element program of Phase 2 was implemented, and safety factors were calculated using the shear strength reduction method (SSRM). The models are calibrated and verified through experimental work using permeability and seepage model. Moreover, the two models were applied on El-Salam Canal considering three scenarios to identify the safety factors including the effect of sea level rise (SLR), earthquake acceleration and a combination of the two scenarios. The results indicated that dynamic response values of the canal slope have different variation rules under near and far field earthquakes. Finally, the damage location and pattern of the slope failure are different in varying groundwater conditions.

ACS Style

Ismail Abd-Elaty; Hazem Eldeeb; Zuzana Vranayova; Martina Zelenakova. Stability of Irrigation Canal Slopes Considering the Sea Level Rise and Dynamic Changes: Case Study El-Salam Canal, Egypt. Water 2019, 11, 1046 .

AMA Style

Ismail Abd-Elaty, Hazem Eldeeb, Zuzana Vranayova, Martina Zelenakova. Stability of Irrigation Canal Slopes Considering the Sea Level Rise and Dynamic Changes: Case Study El-Salam Canal, Egypt. Water. 2019; 11 (5):1046.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ismail Abd-Elaty; Hazem Eldeeb; Zuzana Vranayova; Martina Zelenakova. 2019. "Stability of Irrigation Canal Slopes Considering the Sea Level Rise and Dynamic Changes: Case Study El-Salam Canal, Egypt." Water 11, no. 5: 1046.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering
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It is known that grey water reused for non-potable purposes, provides a sustainable solution of water management by reduction of fresh water extraction and can contribute to water status improvement. Although reused grey water is not intended for potable use, the potential for certain contamination and pollution rate still exist and the treatment efficiency represents a key concern for grey water system utilization. Therefore, this paper explores and focuses on treatment efficiency of treatment technology specifically on submerged membrane bioreactor, what is considered as a successfully used technique of grey water treatment. The main aim was to evaluate the pollution removal in variously polluted grey water and consider a treatability of purposed technology, while changing the grey water retention time in bioreactor.

ACS Style

Martina Rysulova; Joana America Castellar; Jordi Morato; Zuzana Vranayova; Daniela Kaposztasova. Effects of changing retention time on efficiency of submerged MBR treating different types of grey water. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 2018, 13, 29 -38.

AMA Style

Martina Rysulova, Joana America Castellar, Jordi Morato, Zuzana Vranayova, Daniela Kaposztasova. Effects of changing retention time on efficiency of submerged MBR treating different types of grey water. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering. 2018; 13 (1):29-38.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Rysulova; Joana America Castellar; Jordi Morato; Zuzana Vranayova; Daniela Kaposztasova. 2018. "Effects of changing retention time on efficiency of submerged MBR treating different types of grey water." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 1: 29-38.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2018 in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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Water and air they mean life, but their quality represents our health. The main aim of the article is to introduce our research project "Hygienic Water audit scheme as a tool in the fight against Legionella" in terms of specific requirements from companies to minimize the energy efficiency for elimination of microbiological contamination of water supply and air conditioning systems (replace thermal disinfection by another effective method). The issue of water contamination, resp. air of Legionella pneumophila, its appearance and impact on the design and operation of water supply and air conditioning systems is relatively young. Little known problem in Slovakia has in the context of the European Union a serious position as it causes high mortality. The aim of the interdisciplinary research is to analyze the current state of hospital buildings, of the individual factors on a working materials and working environment in terms of their potential for microbiological contamination.

ACS Style

D Kaposztasova; Z Vranayova. Hygienic Water Audit Scheme as a Tool in the Fight against Legionella - problems and goals of the research project. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 415, 012035 .

AMA Style

D Kaposztasova, Z Vranayova. Hygienic Water Audit Scheme as a Tool in the Fight against Legionella - problems and goals of the research project. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 415 (1):012035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D Kaposztasova; Z Vranayova. 2018. "Hygienic Water Audit Scheme as a Tool in the Fight against Legionella - problems and goals of the research project." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 415, no. 1: 012035.

Chapter
Published: 31 August 2018 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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Today we are facing the need to ensure water quality, so the basic requirement of today’s civilization is to assess the water quality and perform the necessary treatment, adapt, transport, and heat it. The water pipes as a major part of the entire water distribution system have undergone considerable technical and technological development. Today we know that the various piping materials that have been used to transport water throughout historical development had a great impact on water quality. Drinking water must not cause any health problems to users. Microbiological contamination of drinking water and the health risk caused by pathogens that colonize the technical systems, however, occasionally causes serious problems. These include, for example, some cases of epidemic outbreaks of deaths that have occurred in the past 10 years in various parts of the world (e.g. cholera, typhus). Legionnaires’ disease legionellosis also belongs to such newer diseases. The first case of Legionella infection from water distribution system was recorded in a patient’s kidney transplantation. Since then, Legionella has begun to be tracked in water systems in different types of buildings, including hotels, homes, factories, and ships. This bacterium was found throughout the water system, from the water source to the outflow fittings. The goal of this chapter is to present hot water tank – a mathematical model which simulates temperature profile of hot water tank and works on obtained approximated function. Temperature and water stagnation are one of the factors that caused microbiological contamination of water, and by knowing the temperature profile, we can reduce the possible risks. While respecting the basic parameters of hot water, it is required for a water supplier and operator of a building to ensure the prescribed quality and water temperature at each sampling site and avoid the Legionella growth.

ACS Style

D. Kaposztasova; Z. Vranayova; P. Purcz. Water Distribution System in Building and Its Microbiological Contamination Minimization. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2018, 251 -267.

AMA Style

D. Kaposztasova, Z. Vranayova, P. Purcz. Water Distribution System in Building and Its Microbiological Contamination Minimization. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2018; ():251-267.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Kaposztasova; Z. Vranayova; P. Purcz. 2018. "Water Distribution System in Building and Its Microbiological Contamination Minimization." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 251-267.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2018 in Water
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In this paper, the results of trend analysis applied to precipitation and temperature monthly data for the period from 1962 to 2014 is presented for the hydrological year (from November to October) in sixteen climatic stations in Eastern Slovakia. The topography of this part of the country is very diverse and it affects the climate. The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test coupled with Sen’s slope was applied to identify the significant long-term climatic trends, as well as the magnitude of those trends. According to the present study, all climatic stations in Eastern Slovakia show a positive trend in temperature during the year and almost all of them show a significant positive annual trend in temperature. Seasonal and monthly trend analyses produced the same results. Trends in temperature are always positive during winter and spring. Trends in precipitation are also mostly positive during winter and spring, although some negative trends were also found during these seasons. The spatial distribution of precipitation and temperature trends was modelled in ArcGIS using geostatistical analysis. Abrupt positive trend shifts in annual precipitation and temperature time series were also investigated. An abrupt shift in precipitation at the highest climatic station, Lomnický peak, began around 1985 (+). Abrupt shifts in temperature began around 1970 (+) at the presented climatic stations. The extremity of the climate is confirmed by an analysis of the trends in wet and dry spells. Trends showed increasing tendencies in medium- and long-term wet spells.

ACS Style

Martina Zeleňáková; Pavol Purcz; Peter Blišťan; Zuzana Vranayová; Helena Hlavatá; Daniel Constantin Diaconu; Maria Manuela Portela. Trends in Precipitation and Temperatures in Eastern Slovakia (1962–2014). Water 2018, 10, 727 .

AMA Style

Martina Zeleňáková, Pavol Purcz, Peter Blišťan, Zuzana Vranayová, Helena Hlavatá, Daniel Constantin Diaconu, Maria Manuela Portela. Trends in Precipitation and Temperatures in Eastern Slovakia (1962–2014). Water. 2018; 10 (6):727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martina Zeleňáková; Pavol Purcz; Peter Blišťan; Zuzana Vranayová; Helena Hlavatá; Daniel Constantin Diaconu; Maria Manuela Portela. 2018. "Trends in Precipitation and Temperatures in Eastern Slovakia (1962–2014)." Water 10, no. 6: 727.

Chapter
Published: 19 May 2018 in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
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To attain sustainability of water resources involves taking economic, environmental, and socially feasible measures without detrimental consequences for the time to come. Providing adequate water supply and sanitation is a challenging task throughout the world. We are facing the need to ensure water quality by using technical systems, and thus a one of the necessary requirements of life for today’s civilization is becoming water saving, treatment, and its management. Lots of aspects may contribute to the solution on how to collect, produce, and finally use alternative water sources. Massive use of reused water for non-potable purposes in buildings promotes the conservation of natural water resources. While respecting the basic parameters of alternative water sources, it is required for the end user or building manager to ensure the prescribed quality of water depending on the purpose. This chapter’s aim is to present decision analysis tool on alternative water use at the building level. Water management strategies and presented 11 portfolios should provide general guidance on the issues and information to support decisions on alternative water use and make it more attractive to public. The evaluation of the two main criteria, as economic and environmental, could be used to change the water habits or help investor to make the right decision for the best water management portfolio. Presented costs and benefits of the portfolios are scored and compared to screening criteria calculated by analytical hierarchy process. The decision analysis tool could fill the information gap on sustainable water strategies in Slovakia by better understanding the building water cycle and help to change the thinking of the society to be in balance with the nature.

ACS Style

D. Kaposztasova; Z. Vranayova. Decision Analysis Tool for Appropriate Water Source in Buildings. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2018, 269 -284.

AMA Style

D. Kaposztasova, Z. Vranayova. Decision Analysis Tool for Appropriate Water Source in Buildings. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. 2018; ():269-284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Kaposztasova; Z. Vranayova. 2018. "Decision Analysis Tool for Appropriate Water Source in Buildings." The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , no. : 269-284.