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Valeria Castellucci
Swedish Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion, Division of Electricity, Department of Engineering Sciences, The Angstrom Laboratory, P.O Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden

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Journal article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Ocean Science
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Low-frequency sea level variability can be a critical factor for several wave energy converter (WEC) systems, for instance, linear systems with a limited stroke length. Consequently, when investigating suitable areas for deployment of those WEC systems, sea level variability should be taken into account. In order to facilitate wave energy developers finding the most suitable areas for wave energy park installations, this paper describes a study that gives them additional information by exploring the annual and monthly variability of the sea level in the Baltic Sea and adjacent seawaters, with a focus on the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone. Overall, 10 years of reanalysis data from the Copernicus project have been used to conduct this investigation. The results are presented by means of maps showing the maximum range and the standard deviation of the sea level with a horizontal spatial resolution of about 1 km. A case study illustrates how the results can be used by the WEC developers to limit the energy absorption loss of their devices due to sea level variation. Depending on the WEC technology one wants to examine, the results lead to different conclusions. For the Uppsala point absorber L12 and the sea state considered in the case study, the most suitable sites where to deploy WEC parks from a sea level variation viewpoint are found in the Gotland basins and in the Bothnian Sea, where the energy loss due to sea level variations is negligible.

ACS Style

Valeria Castellucci; Erland Strömstedt. Sea level variability in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent seawaters: influence on a point absorbing wave energy converter. Ocean Science 2019, 15, 1517 -1529.

AMA Style

Valeria Castellucci, Erland Strömstedt. Sea level variability in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent seawaters: influence on a point absorbing wave energy converter. Ocean Science. 2019; 15 (6):1517-1529.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Castellucci; Erland Strömstedt. 2019. "Sea level variability in the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone and adjacent seawaters: influence on a point absorbing wave energy converter." Ocean Science 15, no. 6: 1517-1529.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2019 in Energies
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The working principle of the wave energy converter (WEC) developed at Uppsala University (UU) is based on a heaving point absorber with a linear generator. The generator is placed on the seafloor and is connected via a steel wire to a buoy floating on the surface of the sea. The generator produces optimal power when the translator's oscillations are centered with respect to the stator. However, due to the tides or other changes in sea level, the translator's oscillations may shift towards the upper or lower limit of the generator's stroke length, resulting in a limited stroke and a consequent reduction in power production. A compensator has been designed and developed in order to keep the generator's translator centered, thus compensating for sea level variations. This paper presents experimental tests of the compensator in a lab environment. The wire adjustments are based on online sea level data obtained from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). The objective of the study was to evaluate and optimize the control and communication system of the device. As the device will be self-powered with solar and wave energy, the paper also includes estimations of the power consumption and a control strategy to minimize the energy requirements of the whole system. The application of the device in a location with high tides, such as Wave Hub, was analyzed based on offline tidal data. The results show that the compensator can minimize the negative effects of sea level variations on the power production at the WEC. Although the wave energy concept of UU is used in this study, the developed system is also applicable to other WECs for which the line length between seabed and surface needs to be adjusted.

ACS Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob; Valeria Castellucci; Johan Abrahamsson; Rafael Waters. A Remotely Controlled Sea Level Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters. Energies 2019, 12, 1946 .

AMA Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob, Valeria Castellucci, Johan Abrahamsson, Rafael Waters. A Remotely Controlled Sea Level Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters. Energies. 2019; 12 (10):1946.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob; Valeria Castellucci; Johan Abrahamsson; Rafael Waters. 2019. "A Remotely Controlled Sea Level Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters." Energies 12, no. 10: 1946.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2018 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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This paper presents two wave energy concepts for small-scale electricity generation. In the presented case, these concepts are installed on the buoy of a heaving, point-absorbing wave energy converter (WEC) for large scale electricity production. In the studied WEC, developed by Uppsala University, small-scale electricity generation in the buoy is needed to power a tidal compensating system designed to increase the performance of the WEC in areas with high tides. The two considered and modeled concepts are an oscillating water column (OWC) and a heaving point absorber. The results indicate that the OWC is too small for the task and does not produce enough energy. On the other hand, the results show that a hybrid system composed of a small heaving point absorber combined with a solar energy system would be able to provide a requested minimum power of around 37.7 W on average year around. The WEC and solar panel complement each other, as the WEC produces enough energy by itself during wintertime (but not in the summer), while the solar panel produces enough energy in the summer (but not in the winter).

ACS Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob; Valeria Castellucci; Malin Göteman; Joakim Widen; Johan Abrahamsson; Jens Engstrom; Rafael Waters. Small-Scale Renewable Energy Converters for Battery Charging. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2018, 6, 26 .

AMA Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob, Valeria Castellucci, Malin Göteman, Joakim Widen, Johan Abrahamsson, Jens Engstrom, Rafael Waters. Small-Scale Renewable Energy Converters for Battery Charging. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2018; 6 (1):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob; Valeria Castellucci; Malin Göteman; Joakim Widen; Johan Abrahamsson; Jens Engstrom; Rafael Waters. 2018. "Small-Scale Renewable Energy Converters for Battery Charging." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, no. 1: 26.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Renewable Energy
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ACS Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob; Valeria Castellucci; Rafael Waters. Wave energy potential and 1–50 TWh scenarios for the Nordic synchronous grid. Renewable Energy 2017, 101, 462 -466.

AMA Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob, Valeria Castellucci, Rafael Waters. Wave energy potential and 1–50 TWh scenarios for the Nordic synchronous grid. Renewable Energy. 2017; 101 ():462-466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohd Nasir Ayob; Valeria Castellucci; Rafael Waters. 2017. "Wave energy potential and 1–50 TWh scenarios for the Nordic synchronous grid." Renewable Energy 101, no. : 462-466.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2016 in Energies
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The energy absorption of the wave energy converters (WEC) characterized by a limited stroke length —like the point absorbers developed at Uppsala University—depends on the sea level variation at the deployment site. In coastal areas characterized by high tidal ranges, the daily energy production of the generators is not optimal. The study presented in this paper quantifies the effects of the changing sea level at the Wave Hub test site, located at the south-west coast of England. This area is strongly affected by tides: the tidal height calculated as the difference between the Mean High Water Spring and the Mean Low Water Spring in 2014 was about 6.6 m. The results are obtained from a hydro-mechanic model that analyzes the behaviour of the point absorber at the Wave Hub, taking into account the sea state occurrence scatter diagram and the tidal time series at the site. It turns out that the impact of the tide decreases the energy absorption by 53%. For this reason, the need for a tidal compensation system to be included in the design of the WEC becomes compelling. The economic advantages are evaluated for different scenarios: the economic analysis proposed within the paper allows an educated guess to be made on the profits. The alternative of extending the stroke length of the WEC is investigated, and the gain in energy absorption is estimated.

ACS Style

Valeria Castellucci; Mikael Eriksson; Rafael Waters. Impact of Tidal Level Variations on Wave Energy Absorption at Wave Hub. Energies 2016, 9, 843 .

AMA Style

Valeria Castellucci, Mikael Eriksson, Rafael Waters. Impact of Tidal Level Variations on Wave Energy Absorption at Wave Hub. Energies. 2016; 9 (10):843.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Castellucci; Mikael Eriksson; Rafael Waters. 2016. "Impact of Tidal Level Variations on Wave Energy Absorption at Wave Hub." Energies 9, no. 10: 843.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2016 in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering
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The wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University (Uppsala, Sweden) consists of a linear generator placed on the seabed and driven by the motion of a buoy on the water surface. The buoy is connected to the moving part of the linear generator, the translator, which is made of ferrite magnets. The translator moves vertically inducing voltage in the windings of a fixed component, the so-called stator. The energy conversion of the linear generator is affected by the sea state and by variations of mean sea level. The sea state influences the speed and the stroke length of the translator, while the variation of tidal level shifts the average position of the translator with respect to the center of the stator. The aim of this study is to evaluate the energy absorption of the wave energy converter at different locations around the world. This goal is achieved by developing a hydromechanic model which analyses the optimum generator damping factor for different wave climates and the power absorbed by the generator, given a fixed geometry of the buoy and a fixed stroke length of the translator. Economic considerations regarding the optimization of the damping factor are included within the paper. The results suggest a nominal damping factor and show the power absorption losses at various locations, each of them characterized by a different wave climate and tidal range. The power losses reach up to 67% and in many locations a tidal compensation system, included in the design of the wave energy converter, is strongly motivated.

ACS Style

Valeria Castellucci; Jessica Garcia-Teran; Mikael Eriksson; Laurence Padman; Rafael Waters. Influence of Sea State and Tidal Height on Wave Power Absorption. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 2016, 42, 566 -573.

AMA Style

Valeria Castellucci, Jessica Garcia-Teran, Mikael Eriksson, Laurence Padman, Rafael Waters. Influence of Sea State and Tidal Height on Wave Power Absorption. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 2016; 42 (3):566-573.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Castellucci; Jessica Garcia-Teran; Mikael Eriksson; Laurence Padman; Rafael Waters. 2016. "Influence of Sea State and Tidal Height on Wave Power Absorption." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 42, no. 3: 566-573.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2015 in Energies
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The power production of the linear generator wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University is affected by variations of mean sea level. The reason is that these variations change the distance between the point absorber located on the surface and the linear generator located on the seabed. This shifts the average position of the translator with respect to the center of the stator, thereby reducing the generator output power. A device mounted on the point absorber that compensates for tides of small range by regulating the length of the connection line between the buoy at the surface and the linear generator has been constructed and tested. This paper describes the electro-mechanical, measurement, communication and control systems installed on the buoy and shows the results obtained before its connection to the generator. The adjustment of the line was achieved through a linear actuator, which shortens the line during low tides and vice versa. The motor that drives the mechanical device was activated remotely via SMS. The measurement system that was mounted on the buoy consisted of current and voltage sensors, accelerometers, strain gauges and inductive and laser sensors. The data collected were transferred via Internet to a Dropbox server. As described within the paper, after the calibration of the sensors, the buoy was assembled and tested in the waters of Lysekil harbor, a few kilometers from the Uppsala University research site. Moreover, the performance of the sensors, the motion of the mechanical device, the power consumption, the current control strategy and the communication system are discussed.

ACS Style

Valeria Castellucci; Johan Abrahamsson; Tobias Kamf; Rafael Waters. Nearshore Tests of the Tidal Compensation System for Point-Absorbing Wave Energy Converters. Energies 2015, 8, 3272 -3291.

AMA Style

Valeria Castellucci, Johan Abrahamsson, Tobias Kamf, Rafael Waters. Nearshore Tests of the Tidal Compensation System for Point-Absorbing Wave Energy Converters. Energies. 2015; 8 (4):3272-3291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Castellucci; Johan Abrahamsson; Tobias Kamf; Rafael Waters. 2015. "Nearshore Tests of the Tidal Compensation System for Point-Absorbing Wave Energy Converters." Energies 8, no. 4: 3272-3291.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2014 in Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
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ACS Style

Valeria Castellucci; Johan Abrahamsson; Olle Svensson; Rafael Waters. Algorithm for the calculation of the translator position in permanent magnet linear generators. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 2014, 6, 063102 .

AMA Style

Valeria Castellucci, Johan Abrahamsson, Olle Svensson, Rafael Waters. Algorithm for the calculation of the translator position in permanent magnet linear generators. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 2014; 6 (6):063102.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Castellucci; Johan Abrahamsson; Olle Svensson; Rafael Waters. 2014. "Algorithm for the calculation of the translator position in permanent magnet linear generators." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 6, no. 6: 063102.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2014 in Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
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A point absorbing wave energy converter (WEC) is a complicated dynamical system. A semi-submerged buoy drives a power take-off device (PTO), which acts as a linear or non-linear damper of the WEC system. The buoy motion depends on the buoy geometry and dimensions, the mass of the moving parts of the system and on the damping force from the generator. The electromagnetic damping in the generator depends on both the generator specifications, the connected load and the buoy velocity. In this paper a velocity ratio has been used to study how the geometric parameters buoy draft and radius, assuming constant generator damping coefficient, affects the motion and the energy absorption of a WEC. It have been concluded that an optimal buoy geometry can be identified for a specific generator damping. The simulated WEC performance have been compared with experimental values from two WECs with similar generators but different buoys. Conclusions have been drawn about their behaviour.

ACS Style

Linnea Sjökvist; Remya Krishna; Magnus Rahm; Valeria Castellucci; Hagnestål Anders; Mats Leijon. On the Optimization of Point Absorber Buoys. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2014, 2, 477 -492.

AMA Style

Linnea Sjökvist, Remya Krishna, Magnus Rahm, Valeria Castellucci, Hagnestål Anders, Mats Leijon. On the Optimization of Point Absorber Buoys. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2014; 2 (2):477-492.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Linnea Sjökvist; Remya Krishna; Magnus Rahm; Valeria Castellucci; Hagnestål Anders; Mats Leijon. 2014. "On the Optimization of Point Absorber Buoys." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2, no. 2: 477-492.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2013 in Renewable Energy
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Recent studies show that there is a correlation between water level and energy absorption values for the studied wave energy converters: the absorption decreases when the water levels deviate from average. The situation appears during tides when the water level changes significantly. The main objective of the paper is to present a first attempt to increase the energy absorption during tides by designing and realizing a small-scale model of a point absorber equipped with a device that is able to adjust the length of the rope connected to the generator. The adjustment is achieved by a screw that moves upwards in the presence of low tides and downwards in the presence of high tides. Numerical results as well as experimental tests suggest that the solution adopted to minimize the tidal effect on the power generation shows potential for further development.

ACS Style

Valeria Castellucci; Rafael Waters; Markus Eriksson; Mats Leijon. Tidal effect compensation system for point absorbing wave energy converters. Renewable Energy 2013, 51, 247 -254.

AMA Style

Valeria Castellucci, Rafael Waters, Markus Eriksson, Mats Leijon. Tidal effect compensation system for point absorbing wave energy converters. Renewable Energy. 2013; 51 ():247-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Valeria Castellucci; Rafael Waters; Markus Eriksson; Mats Leijon. 2013. "Tidal effect compensation system for point absorbing wave energy converters." Renewable Energy 51, no. : 247-254.