This study investigated the effect of hemp fiber pretreatments (water and sodium hydroxide) combined with silane treatment, first on the fiber properties (microscale) and then on polylactide (PLA) composite properties (macroscale). At the microscale, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy investigations highlighted structural alterations in the fibers, with the removal of targeted components and rearrangement in the cell wall. These structural changes influenced unitary fiber properties. At the macroscale, both pretreatments increased the composites’ tensile properties, despite their negative impact on fiber performance. Additionally, silane treatment improved composite performance thanks to higher performance of the fibers themselves and improved fiber compatibility with the PLA matrix brought on by the silane couplings. PLA composites reinforced by 30 wt.% alkali and silane treated hemp fibers exhibited the highest tensile strength (62 MPa), flexural strength (113 MPa), and Young’s modulus (7.6 GPa). Overall, the paper demonstrates the applicability of locally grown, frost-retted hemp fibers for the development of bio-based composites with low density (1.13 to 1.23 g cm⁻³).

The effects of surface pretreatment (water and alkali) and modification with silane on moisture sorption, water resistance, and reaction to fire of hemp fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) composites at two fiber loading contents (30 and 50 wt.%) are investigated in this work. Moisture adsorption was evaluated at 30, 50, 75 and 95% relative humidity, and water resistance was determined after a 28-day immersion period. The cone calorimetry technique was used to investigate response to fire. The fiber surface treatment resulted in the removal of cell wall components, which increased fiber individualization and homogeneity as shown in scanning microscopic pictures of the composite cross-section. Although the improved fiber/matrix bonding increased the composite’s water resistance, the different fiber treatments generated equal moisture adsorption results for the 30 wt.% reinforced composites. Overall, increasing the fiber amount from 30 to 50 wt.% increased the composite sensitivity to moisture/water, mainly due to the availability of more hydroxyl groups and to the development of a higher pore volume, but fire protection improved due to a reduction in the rate of thermal degradation induced by the reduced PLA content. The new Oswin’s model predicted the composite adsorption isotherm well. The 30 wt.% alkali and silane treated hemp fiber composite had the lowest overall adsorption (9%) while the 50 wt.% variant produced the highest ignition temperature (181 ± 18 °C).

This research investigates an effective alkali (NaOH) treatment and fire-retardant coating to produce biocomposites from frost-retted hemp fiber and PLA. The fiber surface treatment with various NaOH concentrations was investigated throughout a range of soaking times. The results show that the extracted non-cellulosic fiber content increases with treatment duration and NaOH concentration, while the fraction of targeted components removed remains nearly unchanged after soaking for 1, 2, and 4 h with a 5 wt.% NaOH solution. At the composite level, the treatment with 5 wt.% NaOH solution for 1 h emerged as the most efficient, with tensile strength, Young’s modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of 89.6 MPa, 9.1 GPa, 121.6 MPa, and 9.6 GPa, respectively, using 30 wt.% fibrous reinforcement. The fire performance of the examined batches of biocomposites improved significantly with the novel fire-retardant (Palonot F1) coating. However, the tensile strength notably decreased, while the flexural properties showed only a slight reduction. In most cases, the biocomposites with the alkali-treated hemp fiber had delayed ignition during the 5 min exposure to the cone heater. The findings in this work contribute to studies that will be required to give design guidelines for sustainable building options.

This article investigates the effects of combining a novel protic ionic liquid-based fire retardant (FR) with alkalized hemp fiber. A pivotal importance of this study refers to the hydrophilic properties and limits regarding poor thermal resistance of green composites where standard guidelines for fire risks are crucial. Although it is well-studied that alkalization is essential for green composite’s moisture and mechanical durability, research on the flammability of such a combined treatment for natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composites is lacking. The alkaline treatment used in the current study follows a process already studied as optimal, particularly for the selected hemp fiber. The fire performance was examined using a bench scale approach based on self and piloted ignition from cone calorimeter tests. The result from the Fourier-transform infrared analysis of the hemp fiber confirms phosphorylation following the fire-retardant treatment, which was visible from the morphological examination with scanning electron microscope. The presence of FR in the composites led to impactful moisture sorption. However, the FR composites demonstrated an enhanced response to fire, indicating potential use as a Class B standard for building construction, and hazard level 3 (HL3) classification as an interior material in vehicles, provided the problem of high emission of smoke is mitigated.

Frost-retted hemp fibers were investigated to assess their suitability for composite applications. Chemical analysis of frost-retted hemp fibers highlighted a high amount of solubles (pectins) at the fibers surface and a low lignin content in the fibers that was attributed to an unfavorable synthesis of lignin in the cell wall due to the particularly cold temperature during hemp growth in the Nordic countries. The fibers tensile properties were considered at two different scales and the performances of hemp/PLA composites were assessed. Recommendations were provided for the use of frost-retted hemp fibers in the reinforcement of thermoplastic composites.

Although there is a global awareness that the exploitation of non-renewable materials is unsustainable, there has been limited interest in fully utilizing natural, renewable resources like wood and its products because of the service durability concerns. One such issue is the aesthetical degradation of wooden facades due to the impact of weathering. This research was carried out as an international cooperation project to ascertain the weathering resistance of bio-based façade materials under the Estonian climate. In total, 120 bio-based façade materials obtained from 31 different companies, universities and research institutions from 17 countries were investigated. The specimens were placed on an exposure rack, inclined at an angle of 45° located at 59°23′50.6″ N 24°39′24.0″ E and then subjected to accelerated natural weathering for 2 years. Parameters such as precipitation, UV index, temperature and relative humidity were measured during the period of the natural weathering. The influence of the weathering on the colour change and cracks on the surface of test specimens was evaluated using Minolta Chroma Meter CR-121 (Konica Minolta INC., Tokyo, Japan) and Avongard Check Width Gauge (Avongard Ltd., Gloucestershire, UK), respectively. The results showed that the untreated natural wood façade materials presented the least resistance to weathering, while 63 of the tested materials developed checks. The outcome of this study is essential to the optimization of software-simulating changes in the appearance of façade materials in outdoor conditions.