High energy demand is leading to the replacement of fossil energy with renewable sources such as solar energy. Solar cells are devices used to generate solar energy. However, when exposed to sunlight with high intensity, a solar cell can suffer a decrease in performance due to overheating. This issue can be addressing by adding a cooling system. This study used a passive cooling system by adding a heat sink with fins to the body panel of the solar cell. The advantage of the passive cooling system is that it does not require additional energy. The number of fins and types of material were varied to obtain the best passive cooling system. The number of fins used was 5, 10, and 15, and the materials used were aluminum and copper. The wind speed vector and the temperature distribution were investigated through simulation. The results showed an increase in the number of fins provided better cooling capacity and increased the photovoltaic performance. The best cooling capability and performance were obtained using 15 fins with a copper base and fin heat sink materials. The decrease in temperature and the increase in efficiency were 10.2 °C and 2.74%, respectively. Therefore, the use of passive cooling system based on heat sinks with fins could provide a potential solution to increase performance and prevent overheating of photovoltaic (PV) panel systems.

The braking system in a vehicle has the main role of slowing down the speed or stopping the moving vehicle. Compared to mechanical braking, which utilizes friction, non-contact braking has several advantages, including longer lifetime and less maintenance. One form of non-contact braking systems is the eddy current brake (ECB), an electric braking system that employs eddy currents to operate. This research focuses on the impact of magnetic field sources used in the ECB. In addition, the number of magnetic field sources is also observed. In order to achieve an ECB design that can be easily applied in any types of vehicles, including motorcycles and compact cars, a compact ECB design with an excellent braking torque is required. In this study, a compact design of the ECB is obtained by distributing the required braking torque from the disc brake into multiple electromagnets. Finite element method-based modeling has been performed to study ECB parameters, including the number of coil winding, the number of electromagnets, and the electric current. The results of this study show that the developed compact ECB could produce 93.66% of the torque required for braking.

Electric vehicles are developing rapidly and require technological support. Electric vehicles require good power storage. One of the reasonable parameters of a battery pack is its high discharge capability. A high discharge rate requires suitable cell and heat management capabilities in the battery pack. When discharging, it produces heat energy and needs to be released. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a method used to maintain battery heat. BTMS using liquid has a better performance compared to phase-change memory (PCM) and air cooling. The use of liquid coolers still has limitations. Namely, the weight of the cooling system is quite large because of a large amount of liquid which increases the weight of the battery. This study offers the potential to use mini channels mounted on cooling plates for application as BTMS. This research used the finite element method (FEM) process by simulating the process of fluid flow that occurs when the battery is used at various C rates. The results of this study indicate that the type of BTMS can keep the battery hot at working temperatures below 40 ºC.

The braking system is one of the most important components of a vehicle. In general, the brakes will generate heat due to the braking process. The heat generated must be released into the environment to maintain braking performance at optimal conditions. In extreme conditions, braking will fail. The braking system can be developed as a braking support system is a non-contact braking system. One form of the non-contact braking system is the eddy current brake (ECB). ECB is an electric braking system with the principle of eddy current. In the ECB, overheating will result in decreased performance. The approach that can be taken to determine braking performance during heat generation is the modeling process using FEM. This study uses FEM to analyze the heat generated during braking. In addition to using FEM, research was carried out using experiments as a comparison. Analysis of heat generation in braking is needed to determine whether braking with ECB can be a backup and its potential as a substitute for friction brakes. The results show that the ECB heat generation event that affects the temperature rise reduces the braking torque performance. Research indicates that when overheating occurs, braking performance will decrease by up to 10% when the disk surface temperature rises more than 20 °C. It shows the importance of managing heat that occurs in the ECB.

The eddy current brake (ECB) is a braking technology that continues to be developed. The use of the ECB has excellent potential to be applied to vehicles. Various studies have proposed the design, characteristics, and advantages of each. However, further analysis is needed to assess the performance of the ECB and what factors affect the performance. However, no studies have been found that discuss eddy current brakes using bibliometric analysis. Bibliometric analysis is a method used for mapping and knowledge of existing gaps in a particular topic. This article aims to provide a complete discussion with bibliometric statistical methods that have never been presented before in the field of eddy current brakes, especially the phenomenon of heat generation. In addition, the prediction of research gaps in this field can be identified as the initial results of further research. The analysis was carried out using VOSviewer and Biblioshiny integrated through the RStudio tool. The data are obtained through the Scopus database, which is then exported in CSV form. Obtaining the data depends on the keywords used. In this case, the obtained document is filtered with the features provided by Scopus. From the analysis conducted, it was found that the topic related to heat in eddy current brakes is still a recent discussion. Discussions on the heat increase in the ECB are still limited and require mapping and analysis of what parts still need development. The phenomenon of heat generation is one novelty that allows it to be researched. One example from the scientific data obtained is that there are 207 documents in the form of articles and conference papers with a total of 533 authors.