The main processes governing the formation of Co-Ni-Fe alloys electrolytically deposited in the X-ray irradiation have been discussed. It has been found that the electrical and magnetic properties depend on the deposition and irradiation regimes. The factors responsible for the variation in the electrical resistivity and specific magnetization of the films prepared by electrolytic deposition, which are caused by variations in the surface morphology, elemental composition, decrease in the porosity, and increase in the electrolytical deposition rate under X-ray irradiation, have been considered.

Experimental studies of the effect of X-rays on the process of electrolytic deposition of composite coatings are reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis will be on the applications of X-rays for both the modification of a structure and the mechanical characteristics of galvanic coatings. In particular, this research investigates the Co/SiO₂ coatings deposited from aqueous solutions under the effect of X-rays. The results of extensive investigations into the dispersing ability of electrolytes with SiO₂ nanoparticles and a mass rate of composite coatings Co/SiO₂ indicates that the method of electroplating under the effect of X-rays during the process results in the intensification of diffusion in the electrolyte volume and creates dense, uniform coatings. This research demonstrates that exposure of an electrolytic cell to X-rays during the electroplating process of Co/SiO₂ results in an orienting effect on the formation of crystal grains and allows for the creation of dense, morphology uniform coatings with increased hardness and improved adhesion.

Results of a study of the effect of X-rays of 100 kR/h on the structure, tribological and elastic properties of elastomers based on nitrile-butadiene rubber with degrees of vulcanization of t₇₀ and t₉₀ are presented. It is found that irradiation of rubber with an exposure dose up to 50 kR leads to an increase in the elongation at break and tensile strength due to a decrease in the degree of crystallinity and to an increase in the crosslink density and a decrease in the specific volume of the polymers. It is obtained that the X-ray irradiation of rubber with exposure doses in the range from 50 to 100 kR leads to an increase in a degree of crystallinity and to deterioration in elastic-strength properties of rubber. It is suggested that the crosslinks of elastomers based on nitrile-butadiene rubber break after the X-ray exposure of dose in the range from 50 to 100 kR. The established nonlinear dependences of the elastic-strength properties of nitrile butadiene rubber with degrees of vulcanization t₇₀ and t₉₀ from an exposure dose point to greatly depending of the rubber intermolecular crosslinks density from an exposure dose of the X-ray and time after exposure. It is obtained a radiation aging of NBR elastomers have been exposure with X-ray. It is established that 2 months after irradiation the elongation at break decreases for NBR elastomers samples and the coefficient of dynamic friction decreases at first and increases after a month.

The effect of X-ray (0.07 nm) and ultraviolet radiation (207 nm) on the electrodeposition rate, structure, and properties of composite coatings based on nickel with gold nanoparticles is studied. It is found that exposure of the electrolyte to X-ray and ultraviolet radiation during the electrodeposition of Ni/Au composite coatings leads to an increase in the weight gain per unit area and contributes to the formation of continuous compact coatings. An increase in the electrocrystallization rate upon exposure to radiation is attributed to the occurrence of radiation-induced chemical reactions in the irradiated aqueous electrolytes, which intensify diffusion processes and the reduction rate of the metal at the cathode. It is shown that the deposition rate of a substance on the cathode depends on the wavelength of the radiation acting during deposition, the energy effect of which determines the degree of radiolysis of aqueous solutions and the respective intensity of radiation-induced chemical reactions, which in turn are responsible for the structure and properties of composite coatings. Analysis of the surface morphology and elemental and phase composition of Ni/Au composite coatings shows that the action of X-ray and ultraviolet radiation during coating deposition contributes to the incorporation of gold nanoparticles into the nickel matrix and the formation of Ni/Au composite coatings with modified properties. It is found that the microhardness and adhesion of Ni/Au coatings irradiated during deposition are higher than the respective parameters of the nonirradiated samples. The dependences of the microhardness of Ni/Au composite coatings formed under X-ray and ultraviolet radiation on the deposition current density are determined.

The paper deals with the study of the structure and properties of tantalum coatings formed by electron beam evaporation and deposition of tantalum powder on 300–450 °C aluminum substrate. The research results of surface morphology, phase and elemental composition show that high activity of an aluminum substrate and specific conditions for vapor-phase technology promote formation of tantalum coatings characterized by a high degree of crystalline grains, with high adhesion and hardness despite the surface cracks. It was observed that the optimum deposition temperature of tantalum on aluminum substrates varies from 300 °C to 350 °C. These coatings demonstrate excellent physical and mechanical properties due to formation of intermetallic phases in the reactive zone.

The results of a study of the kinetics of electrocrystallization, structure, and mechanical properties of ZnNiCo coatings deposited onto 08kp steel under the action of X-ray radiation for 1 h in a 100-mL thermostated cell at 23°C are presented. The exposure dose rate of X-ray radiation P_exp at a distance of 10 cm from the X-ray tube window is 100 kR/h and the electrodeposition current density is 1 A/dm². It is found that X‑ray irradiation of electrolytes in the process of deposition of ZnNiCo coatings results in an increase in the mass gain of the coating by 10% and widening of the range of working cathode current densities by 30% as a result of stimulation of convection and diffusion transport in the electrolytes. It is shown that the action of X-ray radiation promotes the formation of a coating with less developed surface morphology and decreased (by 30%) roughness, which is associated with an increase in the dispersing power of the electrolytes, which shows uniformity of deposition of the coatings through the thickness on parts of complex profile. It is found that the action of X-ray radiation on an electrolyte during the process of electrodeposition of ZnNiCo coatings leads to the formation of metal coatings with an increased concentration of the less electronegative component in comparison with control coatings as well as formation of coatings with increased (by 23%) dislocation density, increased (by 25%) microhardness, and improved (by 50%) adhesion, which is associated with activation of the cathode surface.