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Yongseok Kim
Water Environmental Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Korea

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Journal article
Published: 09 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Owing to urbanization, impervious areas within watersheds have continuously increased, distorting healthy water circulation systems by reducing soil infiltration and base flow; moreover, increases in surface runoff deteriorate water quality by increasing the inflow of nonpoint sources. In this study, we constructed a Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF) watershed model that applies the impervious area and can set medium- and long-term water circulation management goals for watershed sub-areas. The model was tested using a case study from the Yeongsan River watershed, Korea. The results show that impervious land-cover accounts for 18.47% of the upstream reach in which Gwangju City is located; approximately twice the average for the whole watershed. Depending on the impervious area reduction scenario, direct runoff and nonpoint source load could be reduced by up to 56% and 35%, respectively; the water circulation rate could be improved by up to 16%. Selecting management goals requires the consideration of both policy objectives and budget. For urban areas with large impervious cover, the designation of nonpoint source management areas is required. For new cities, it is necessary to introduce water circulation systems (e.g., low impact development techniques) to improve rainwater penetration and recharge and activate preemptive water circulation.

ACS Style

Jong Lee; Minji Park; Bae Park; Jiyeon Choi; Jinsun Kim; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. Evaluation of Water Circulation by Modeling: An Example of Nonpoint Source Management in the Yeongsan River Watershed. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8871 .

AMA Style

Jong Lee, Minji Park, Bae Park, Jiyeon Choi, Jinsun Kim, Kyunghyun Kim, Yongseok Kim. Evaluation of Water Circulation by Modeling: An Example of Nonpoint Source Management in the Yeongsan River Watershed. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jong Lee; Minji Park; Bae Park; Jiyeon Choi; Jinsun Kim; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. 2021. "Evaluation of Water Circulation by Modeling: An Example of Nonpoint Source Management in the Yeongsan River Watershed." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8871.

Journal article
Published: 26 June 2021 in Sustainability
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This study aimed to estimate pollutant unit loads for different landuses and pollutants that reflected long-term runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants and recent environmental changes. During 2008–2014, 2026 rainfall events were monitored. The average values of antecedent dry days, total rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, runoff duration, and runoff coefficient for each landuse were 3.8–5.9 d, 35.2–65.0 mm, 2.9–4.1 mm/h, 12.5–20.4 h, 12.4–27.9 h, and 0.24–0.45, respectively. Uplands (UL) exhibited high suspended solids (SS, 606.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (TN, 7.38 mg/L), and total phosphorous (TP, 2.27 mg/L) levels, whereas the runoff coefficient was high in the building sites (BS), with a high impervious surface ratio. The event mean concentration (EMC) for biological oxygen demand (BOD) was the highest in BS (8.0 mg/L), while the EMC was the highest in BS (in the rainfall range 50 mm). The unit loads for BOD (1.49–17.76 kg/km2·d), TN (1.462–10.147 kg/km2·d), TP (0.094–1.435 kg/km2·d), and SS (15.20–327.70 kg/km2·d) were calculated. The findings can be used to manage NPS pollutants and watershed environments and implement relevant associated management systems.

ACS Style

Jiyeon Choi; Baekyung Park; Jinsun Kim; Soyoung Lee; Jichul Ryu; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7193 .

AMA Style

Jiyeon Choi, Baekyung Park, Jinsun Kim, Soyoung Lee, Jichul Ryu, Kyunghyun Kim, Yongseok Kim. Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7193.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiyeon Choi; Baekyung Park; Jinsun Kim; Soyoung Lee; Jichul Ryu; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. 2021. "Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7193.

Research article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Identifying critical source areas (CSAs) is the first step to effectively managing nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. Increasing variability in climate can affect identification of CSAs. In this study, we identified present and future CSAs of NPS pollution in the Nakdong River watershed and examined how climate change will influence the identification of CSAs. Nine NPS pollution-related factors affecting the watershed environment and water quality were considered. These factors were rescaled through a min-max normalization to propose an index system that ranks basins based on the sensitivity of basins to climate change on identifying CSAs. For analyses, past rainfall was replaced with future rainfall under two RCP scenarios, RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. Results showed insignificant differences in the spatial distribution of CSAs between the present and the future and between the future scenarios. Basins that are on or adjacent to the Nakdong River mainstream were mainly identified as CSAs, in addition to many basins of the Geumho and Nam rivers. Highly ranked CSAs including the level 1 CSAs, were mainly distributed in the mid- and downstream areas of the Nakdong River, indicating high need of NPS pollution management. This study can provide a foundation for the effective management of NPS pollution in the present and the future.

ACS Style

Mijin Seo; Joonghyeok Heo; Yongseok Kim. Present and potential future critical source areas of nonpoint source pollution: a case of the Nakdong River watershed, South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 28, 45676 -45692.

AMA Style

Mijin Seo, Joonghyeok Heo, Yongseok Kim. Present and potential future critical source areas of nonpoint source pollution: a case of the Nakdong River watershed, South Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; 28 (33):45676-45692.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mijin Seo; Joonghyeok Heo; Yongseok Kim. 2021. "Present and potential future critical source areas of nonpoint source pollution: a case of the Nakdong River watershed, South Korea." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 33: 45676-45692.

Article
Published: 09 July 2020 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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To assess distribution of metal contamination and grain size in the sediments of Nakdong River (South Korea), surface sediments were collected from 21 sites and analyzed. Within the study area, sand was typically the dominant grain size. However, because of the reduced flow rate and flow velocity, sites adjacent to weirs were composed of relatively fine sediments. A comparison of sediment metal concentrations with sediment quality guidelines proposed by the USA, Canada, and South Korea revealed that sites adjacent to weirs had concentrations that exceeded the standard values. The enrichment factor, index of geo-accumulation, and pollution load index calculation results that the sites adjacent to weirs showed high contamination, with Cd accounting for the highest contamination levels. The metals in the study area varies due to the effect of fine sediments; therefore, high concentrations of metals accumulated adjacent to weirs where fine sediments were distributed in greater proportions. Furthermore, Cd exhibited the greatest contribution to metal contamination in the study area and the highest contamination levels were found at NS19 (adjacent to the Haman weir). Thus, the accumulation of fine sediment increased due to the influence of the weirs, thereby increasing the overall amount of metal contamination.

ACS Style

Shin Kim; Deuk Seok Yang; Yong Seok Kim. Distribution of metal contamination and grain size in the sediments of Nakdong River, Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2020, 192, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Shin Kim, Deuk Seok Yang, Yong Seok Kim. Distribution of metal contamination and grain size in the sediments of Nakdong River, Korea. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2020; 192 (8):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shin Kim; Deuk Seok Yang; Yong Seok Kim. 2020. "Distribution of metal contamination and grain size in the sediments of Nakdong River, Korea." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 8: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2019 in Water
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Artificial structures installed in rivers can change the natural physical, physiochemical, and biological characteristics of the rivers. Coliform bacteria are important water quality indicators, related to human health. This study investigated the relationship between coliform bacteria and water quality factors at eight weir stations constructed in the Nakdong River, a major river in South Korea. Fifteen water quality factors were analyzed at these sites from 2012 to 2016 using correlation and multiple regression analyses. The results for all stations confirmed the analytical validity, with high adjusted R2 values of approximately 0.6 and 0.8 on average for total and fecal coliforms, respectively. The results showed influential water quality factors affecting the concentration of coliform bacteria at weir stations. Specifically, total coliforms were mostly affected by organic matter and fecal coliforms were mostly affected by phosphate phosphorus and suspended solids. Rainfall was the most influential factor affecting both coliforms. Further, both coliforms were negatively affected by organic matter below the Dalseong weir in the mid- to downstream area of the Nakdong River. A positive relationship with phosphate phosphorus was indicated at all weir stations. To the authors’ knowledge, this kind of study has never been attempted so far. Thus, the study results can provide important information on influential water quality factors related to coliform bacteria, especially in the Nakdong River, creating a foundation for future water quality management.

ACS Style

Mijin Seo; Haejin Lee; Yongseok Kim; Seo; Lee; Kim. Relationship between Coliform Bacteria and Water Quality Factors at Weir Stations in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Water 2019, 11, 1171 .

AMA Style

Mijin Seo, Haejin Lee, Yongseok Kim, Seo, Lee, Kim. Relationship between Coliform Bacteria and Water Quality Factors at Weir Stations in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Water. 2019; 11 (6):1171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mijin Seo; Haejin Lee; Yongseok Kim; Seo; Lee; Kim. 2019. "Relationship between Coliform Bacteria and Water Quality Factors at Weir Stations in the Nakdong River, South Korea." Water 11, no. 6: 1171.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2019 in Processes
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Changes in water level between the mainstems and tributaries of a river can create backflow effects that alter the representativeness of water-quality monitoring data. In South Korea, 16 multi-functional weirs intended to manage water levels were constructed on 4 major rivers as part of a restoration project. However, they are causing backwater effects in tributaries that coincide with poorer water-quality measurements at monitoring stations along these tributaries despite there being no change in upstream pollution sources. Therefore, this study developed a new methodology for verifying the representativeness of a water-quality monitoring network via spatiotemporal observations of electrical conductivity, self-organizing maps for monthly pattern analysis, locally weighted scatter plot smoothing for trend analysis, load duration curves, and numerical modeling. This approach was tested on the Wicheon River, a primary tributary of the Nakdong River, because the measured decline in water quality there has the potential to trigger major policy changes in the basin including limits on local development. The results clearly show that the monitoring station in the lower Wicheon is negatively affected by weir-derived backwater from the Nakdong, suggesting that this station needs to be moved upstream or a new station established upstream, beyond the backwater effects. Our approach was able to assess clearly the representativeness of an existing water-quality monitoring network using widely accessible data and methods, making this type of assessment applicable to many other situations around the world.

ACS Style

Jung Min Ahn; Yong-Seok Kim. Verifying the Representativeness of Water-Quality Monitoring to Manage Water Levels in the Wicheon River, South Korea. Processes 2019, 7, 295 .

AMA Style

Jung Min Ahn, Yong-Seok Kim. Verifying the Representativeness of Water-Quality Monitoring to Manage Water Levels in the Wicheon River, South Korea. Processes. 2019; 7 (5):295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung Min Ahn; Yong-Seok Kim. 2019. "Verifying the Representativeness of Water-Quality Monitoring to Manage Water Levels in the Wicheon River, South Korea." Processes 7, no. 5: 295.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted frequent and severe droughts and floods caused by irregular climatic conditions in the future, making water resources management difficult. Within the field of integrated watershed management, the concept of ‘environmental flow’ is being increasingly studied. In Korea, the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project was carried out as part of the plan to manage future water resources, particularly in response to climate change. In order to improve comprehensive water resources management, there is an interest in integrating into the operation of the existing dams the multi-functional weirs constructed under the said project. To date, there is an absence of studies comprehensively considering climate change, run-off volume, reservoir operations, and environmental flow, with most of the existing studies focusing only on one or the other of these factors. In this study, we presented a method to evaluate the river environment that considers all the said factors. To evaluate how environmental flow is influenced by the changes in river flow due to climate change and hydraulic structure operation, the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) was used as the hydrological model, HEC-ResSim was used as the hydraulic structures operational model, and the Global Environmental Flow Calculator (GEFC) was used as the method to evaluate environmental flows. RCP climate change scenarios, provided by the Climate Change Information Center (CCIC), a branch of the Korea Meteorological Administration, were applied to analyze the future watershed runoff characteristics of the Geum River Basin under different hydraulic structure operation modes. This study concludes that efficient use of water resources can be achieved through the integrated operation of the dams and multi-functional weirs in times of water shortage. Comparing the results of modelling under a no‑carbon reduction scenario on one hand, and a scenario in which emissions were reduced on the other hand, differences were found in flows during floods, in the mean annual runoff ratio in accordance with the environment management class, and in the environmental flow rating. It appears that a new water resources management plan is required to respond to climate change as indicated by the shift of the flow duration curve to a lower environmental management class (EMC) under climate change scenarios.

ACS Style

Jung Min Ahn; Heon Gak Kwon; Deuk Seok Yang; Yong-Seok Kim. Assessing environmental flows of coordinated operation of dams and weirs in the Geum River basin under climate change scenarios. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 643, 912 -925.

AMA Style

Jung Min Ahn, Heon Gak Kwon, Deuk Seok Yang, Yong-Seok Kim. Assessing environmental flows of coordinated operation of dams and weirs in the Geum River basin under climate change scenarios. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 643 ():912-925.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung Min Ahn; Heon Gak Kwon; Deuk Seok Yang; Yong-Seok Kim. 2018. "Assessing environmental flows of coordinated operation of dams and weirs in the Geum River basin under climate change scenarios." Science of The Total Environment 643, no. : 912-925.