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Owing to urbanization, impervious areas within watersheds have continuously increased, distorting healthy water circulation systems by reducing soil infiltration and base flow; moreover, increases in surface runoff deteriorate water quality by increasing the inflow of nonpoint sources. In this study, we constructed a Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF) watershed model that applies the impervious area and can set medium- and long-term water circulation management goals for watershed sub-areas. The model was tested using a case study from the Yeongsan River watershed, Korea. The results show that impervious land-cover accounts for 18.47% of the upstream reach in which Gwangju City is located; approximately twice the average for the whole watershed. Depending on the impervious area reduction scenario, direct runoff and nonpoint source load could be reduced by up to 56% and 35%, respectively; the water circulation rate could be improved by up to 16%. Selecting management goals requires the consideration of both policy objectives and budget. For urban areas with large impervious cover, the designation of nonpoint source management areas is required. For new cities, it is necessary to introduce water circulation systems (e.g., low impact development techniques) to improve rainwater penetration and recharge and activate preemptive water circulation.
Jong Lee; Minji Park; Bae Park; Jiyeon Choi; Jinsun Kim; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. Evaluation of Water Circulation by Modeling: An Example of Nonpoint Source Management in the Yeongsan River Watershed. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8871 .
AMA StyleJong Lee, Minji Park, Bae Park, Jiyeon Choi, Jinsun Kim, Kyunghyun Kim, Yongseok Kim. Evaluation of Water Circulation by Modeling: An Example of Nonpoint Source Management in the Yeongsan River Watershed. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8871.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJong Lee; Minji Park; Bae Park; Jiyeon Choi; Jinsun Kim; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. 2021. "Evaluation of Water Circulation by Modeling: An Example of Nonpoint Source Management in the Yeongsan River Watershed." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8871.
This study aimed to estimate pollutant unit loads for different landuses and pollutants that reflected long-term runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants and recent environmental changes. During 2008–2014, 2026 rainfall events were monitored. The average values of antecedent dry days, total rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, runoff duration, and runoff coefficient for each landuse were 3.8–5.9 d, 35.2–65.0 mm, 2.9–4.1 mm/h, 12.5–20.4 h, 12.4–27.9 h, and 0.24–0.45, respectively. Uplands (UL) exhibited high suspended solids (SS, 606.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (TN, 7.38 mg/L), and total phosphorous (TP, 2.27 mg/L) levels, whereas the runoff coefficient was high in the building sites (BS), with a high impervious surface ratio. The event mean concentration (EMC) for biological oxygen demand (BOD) was the highest in BS (8.0 mg/L), while the EMC was the highest in BS (in the rainfall range 50 mm). The unit loads for BOD (1.49–17.76 kg/km2·d), TN (1.462–10.147 kg/km2·d), TP (0.094–1.435 kg/km2·d), and SS (15.20–327.70 kg/km2·d) were calculated. The findings can be used to manage NPS pollutants and watershed environments and implement relevant associated management systems.
Jiyeon Choi; Baekyung Park; Jinsun Kim; Soyoung Lee; Jichul Ryu; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7193 .
AMA StyleJiyeon Choi, Baekyung Park, Jinsun Kim, Soyoung Lee, Jichul Ryu, Kyunghyun Kim, Yongseok Kim. Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiyeon Choi; Baekyung Park; Jinsun Kim; Soyoung Lee; Jichul Ryu; Kyunghyun Kim; Yongseok Kim. 2021. "Determination of NPS Pollutant Unit Loads from Different Landuses." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7193.