This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Toxic metals and particle pollutants in urbanized cities have significantly increased over the past few decades mainly due to rapid urbanization and unplanned infrastructure. This research aimed at estimating the concentration of toxic metals and particle pollutants and the associated risks to public health across different land-use settings including commercial area (CA), urban area (UA), residential area (RA), and industrial area (IA). A total of 47 samples for both soil and air were collected from different land-use settings of Faisalabad city in Pakistan. Mean concentrations of toxic metals such as Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Co, and Cd in all land-use settings were 92.68, 4.06, 1.34, 0.16, 0.07, 0.03, and 0.02 mg kg−1, respectively. Mean values of PM10, PM2.5, and Mn in all land-use settings were found 5.14, 1.34, and 1.9 times higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Mn was found as the most hazardous metal in terms of pollution load index (PLI) and contamination factor (CF) in the studied area. Health risk analysis for particle pollutants using air quality index (AQI) and geoinformation was found in the range between good to very critical for all the land-use settings. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were higher for children in comparison to adults, suggesting that children may be susceptible to potentially higher health risks. However, the cancer risk (CR) value for Pb ingestion (1.21 × 10−6) in children was lower than the permissible limit (1 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−6). Nonetheless, for Cr inhalation, CR value (1.09 × 10−8) was close to tolerable limits. Our findings can be of valuable assistance toward advancing our understanding of soil and air pollutions concerning public health in different land-use settings of the urbanized cities of Pakistan.
Khalid Mehmood; Yansong Bao; Roman Abbas; Saifullah; George P. Petropoulos; Hamaad Raza Ahmad; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Adnan Mustafa; Alwaseela Abdalla; Katia Lasaridi; Shah Fahad. Pollution characteristics and human health risk assessments of toxic metals and particle pollutants via soil and air using geoinformation in urbanized city of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -15.
AMA StyleKhalid Mehmood, Yansong Bao, Roman Abbas, Saifullah, George P. Petropoulos, Hamaad Raza Ahmad, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar, Adnan Mustafa, Alwaseela Abdalla, Katia Lasaridi, Shah Fahad. Pollution characteristics and human health risk assessments of toxic metals and particle pollutants via soil and air using geoinformation in urbanized city of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalid Mehmood; Yansong Bao; Roman Abbas; Saifullah; George P. Petropoulos; Hamaad Raza Ahmad; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Adnan Mustafa; Alwaseela Abdalla; Katia Lasaridi; Shah Fahad. 2021. "Pollution characteristics and human health risk assessments of toxic metals and particle pollutants via soil and air using geoinformation in urbanized city of Pakistan." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-15.
The effects of salt stress on the growth, nodulation, and nitrogen (N) fixation of legumes are well known, but the relationship between symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) driven by rhizobium–legume symbiosis and salt tolerance in Medicago truncatula is not well studied. The effects of the active nodulation process on salt stress tolerance of Medicago truncatula were evaluated by quantifying the compatible solutes, soluble sugars, and antioxidants enzymes, as well as growth and survival rate of plants. Eight weeks old plants, divided in three groups: (i) no nodules (NN), (ii) inactive nodules (IN), and (iii) active nodules (AN), were exposed to 150 mM of NaCl salt stress for 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, and 48 h in hydroponic system. AN plants showed a higher survival rate (30.83% and 38.35%), chlorophyll contents (37.18% and 44.51%), and photosynthesis compared to IN and NN plants, respectively. Improved salt tolerance in AN plants was linked with higher activities of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and higher K+ (20.45% and 39.21%) and lower Na+ accumulations (17.54% and 24.51%) when compared with IN and NN plants, respectively. Additionally, higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was indicative of salt stress, causing membrane damage as revealed by higher electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. All such effects were significantly ameliorated in AN plants, showing higher compatible solutes (proline, free amino acids, glycine betaine, soluble sugars, and proteins) and maintaining higher relative water contents (61.34%). This study advocates positive role of Rhizobium meliloti inoculation against salt stress through upregulation of antioxidant system and a higher concentration of compatible solutes.
Annie Irshad; Rana Rehman; Muhammad Abrar; Qudsia Saeed; Rahat Sharif; Tianming Hu. Contribution of Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis in Salt Stress Tolerance in Medicago truncatula Evaluated through Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Compatible Solutes Accumulation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3369 .
AMA StyleAnnie Irshad, Rana Rehman, Muhammad Abrar, Qudsia Saeed, Rahat Sharif, Tianming Hu. Contribution of Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis in Salt Stress Tolerance in Medicago truncatula Evaluated through Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Compatible Solutes Accumulation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3369.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnie Irshad; Rana Rehman; Muhammad Abrar; Qudsia Saeed; Rahat Sharif; Tianming Hu. 2021. "Contribution of Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis in Salt Stress Tolerance in Medicago truncatula Evaluated through Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Compatible Solutes Accumulation." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3369.
Several major cities that witnessed heavy air pollution by particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have contributed to high rate of infection and severity of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Owing to the negative impact of COVID-19 on health and economy, it is imperative to predict the pandemic trend of the COVID-19 outbreak. Pakistan is one of the mostly affected countries by recent COVID-19 pandemic in terms of COVID-cases and economic crises. Like other several Asian countries to combat the virus impacts, Pakistan implemented non-pharmacological interventions (NPI), such as national lockdowns. The current study investigates the effect of major interventions across three out of four provinces of Pakistan for the period from the start of the COVID-19 in March 22, 2020 until June 30, 2020, when lockdowns were started to be eased. High-resolution data on NO2 was recorded from Sentinel-5’s Precursor spacecraft with TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (Sentinel-5P TROPOMI). Similarly, PM2.5 data were collected from sampling sties to investigate possible correlation among these pollutants and COVID-19. In addition, growth and susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) models utilizing time-series data of COVID-19 from February 26 to December 31, 2020, with- and without NPI that encompass the predicted number of infected cases, peak time, impact on the healthcare system and mortality in Pakistan. Maximum mean PM2.5 concentration of 108 μgm−3 was recorded for Lahore with the range from 51 to 215 μgm−3, during strict lockdown (L), condition. This is three times higher than Pak-EPA and US-EPA and four times for WHO guidelines, followed by Peshawar (97.2 and 58 ± 130), Islamabad (83 and 158 ± 58), and Karachi (78 and 50 ± 140). The majority of sampling sites in Lahore showed NO2 levels higher than 8.75E-5 (mol/m2) in 2020 compared to 2019 during “L” period. The susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model depicted a strong correlation (r) between the predicted and reported cases for Punjab (r = 0.79), Sindh (r = 0.91), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) (r = 94) and Islamabad (r = 0.85). Findings showed that major NPI and lockdowns especially have had a large effect on minimizing transmission. Continued community intervention should be undertaken to keep transmission of SARS-CoV-2 under control in cities where higher incidence of COVID-19 cases until the vaccine is available. This study provides a methodological framework that if adopted can assist epidemiologist and policy makers to be well-prepared in advance in cities where PM2.5 concentration and NO2 levels are already high in order to minimize the potential risk of further spread of COVID-19 cases.
Khalid Mehmood; Yansong Bao; George P. Petropoulos; Roman Abbas; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Saifullah; Adnan Mustafa; Ahmad Soban; Shah Saud; Manzoor Ahmad; Izhar Hussain; Shah Fahad. Investigating connections between COVID-19 pandemic, air pollution and community interventions for Pakistan employing geoinformation technologies. Chemosphere 2021, 272, 129809 -129809.
AMA StyleKhalid Mehmood, Yansong Bao, George P. Petropoulos, Roman Abbas, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar, Saifullah, Adnan Mustafa, Ahmad Soban, Shah Saud, Manzoor Ahmad, Izhar Hussain, Shah Fahad. Investigating connections between COVID-19 pandemic, air pollution and community interventions for Pakistan employing geoinformation technologies. Chemosphere. 2021; 272 ():129809-129809.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalid Mehmood; Yansong Bao; George P. Petropoulos; Roman Abbas; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Saifullah; Adnan Mustafa; Ahmad Soban; Shah Saud; Manzoor Ahmad; Izhar Hussain; Shah Fahad. 2021. "Investigating connections between COVID-19 pandemic, air pollution and community interventions for Pakistan employing geoinformation technologies." Chemosphere 272, no. : 129809-129809.
Wastewater generation and treatment is an ever-increasing concern in the current century due to increased urbanization and industrialization. To tackle the situation of increasing environmental hazards, numerous wastewater treatment approaches are used—i.e., physical, chemical, and biological (primary to tertiary treatment) methods. Various treatment techniques being used have the risks of producing secondary pollutants. The most promising technique is the use of different materials as adsorbents that have a higher efficacy in treating wastewater, with a minimal production of secondary pollutants. Biosorption is a key process that is highly efficient and cost-effective. This method majorly uses the adsorption process/mechanism for toxicant removal from wastewater. This review elaborates the major agricultural and non-agricultural materials-based sorbents that have been used with their possible mechanisms of pollutant removal. Moreover, this creates a better understanding of how the efficacy of these sorbents can be enhanced by modification or treatments with other substances. This review also explains the re-usability and mechanisms of the used adsorbents and/or their disposal in a safe and environmentally friendly way, along with highlighting the major research gaps and potential future research directions. Additionally, the cost benefit ratio of adsorbents is elucidated.
Fazila Younas; Adnan Mustafa; Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi; Xiukang Wang; Sadia Younas; Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din; Muhammad Ashir Hameed; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Ali Akbar Maitlo; Saima Noreen; Muhammad Mahroz Hussain. Current and Emerging Adsorbent Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Trends, Limitations, and Environmental Implications. Water 2021, 13, 215 .
AMA StyleFazila Younas, Adnan Mustafa, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Xiukang Wang, Sadia Younas, Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din, Muhammad Ashir Hameed, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar, Ali Akbar Maitlo, Saima Noreen, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain. Current and Emerging Adsorbent Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Trends, Limitations, and Environmental Implications. Water. 2021; 13 (2):215.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFazila Younas; Adnan Mustafa; Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi; Xiukang Wang; Sadia Younas; Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din; Muhammad Ashir Hameed; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Ali Akbar Maitlo; Saima Noreen; Muhammad Mahroz Hussain. 2021. "Current and Emerging Adsorbent Technologies for Wastewater Treatment: Trends, Limitations, and Environmental Implications." Water 13, no. 2: 215.
Information on the spatiotemporal variability of respirable suspended particulate pollutant matter concentrations, especially of particles having size of 2.5μm and climate are the important factors in relation to emerging COVID-19 cases around the world. This study aims at examining the association between COVID-19 cases, air pollution, climatic and socioeconomic factors using geospatial techniques in three provincial capital cities and the federal capital city of Pakistan. A series of relevant data was acquired from 3 out of 4 provinces of Pakistan (Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) including the daily numbers of COVID-19 cases, PM2.5 concentration (μgm-3), a climatic factors including temperature (0F), wind speed (m/s), humidity (%), dew point (%), and pressure (Hg) from June 1 2020, to July 31 2020. Further, the possible relationships between population density and COVID-19 cases was determined. The generalized linear model (GLM) was employed to quantify the effect of PM2.5, temperature, dew point, humidity, wind speed, and pressure range on the daily COVID-19 cases. The grey rational analysis (GRA) was also implemented to examine the changes in COVID-19 cases with PM2.5 concentrations for the provincial city Lahore. About 1,92, 819 COVID-19 cases were reported in Punjab, Sindh, KPK, and Islamabad during the study period. Results indicated a significant relationship between COVID-19 cases and PM2.5 and climatic factors at p < 0.05 except for Lahore in case of humidity (r = 0.175). However, mixed correlations existed across Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, and Islamabad. The R2 value indicates a moderate relationship between COVID-19 and population density. Findings of this study, although are preliminary, offers the first line of evidence for epidemiologists and may assist the local community to expedient for the growth of effective COVID-19 infection and health risk management guidelines. This remains to be seen.
Khalid Mehmood; Yansong Bao; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; George Panagiotis Petropoulos; Saifullah; Ahmad Soban; Shah Saud; Zalan Alam Khan; Shah Masud Khan; Shah Fahad. Spatiotemporal variability of COVID-19 Pandemic in relation to Air pollution, Climate and Socioeconomic Factors in Pakistan. Chemosphere 2021, 271, 129584 .
AMA StyleKhalid Mehmood, Yansong Bao, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar, George Panagiotis Petropoulos, Saifullah, Ahmad Soban, Shah Saud, Zalan Alam Khan, Shah Masud Khan, Shah Fahad. Spatiotemporal variability of COVID-19 Pandemic in relation to Air pollution, Climate and Socioeconomic Factors in Pakistan. Chemosphere. 2021; 271 ():129584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalid Mehmood; Yansong Bao; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; George Panagiotis Petropoulos; Saifullah; Ahmad Soban; Shah Saud; Zalan Alam Khan; Shah Masud Khan; Shah Fahad. 2021. "Spatiotemporal variability of COVID-19 Pandemic in relation to Air pollution, Climate and Socioeconomic Factors in Pakistan." Chemosphere 271, no. : 129584.
Salinity and drought stress, singly or in combination, are major environmental menaces. Jatropha curcas L. is a biodiesel plant that can tolerate long periods of drought. However, the growth performance and stress tolerance based on physical, chemical, and physiological attributes of this plant have not yet been studied. To address this question, J. curcas seedlings were grown in a completely randomized design in plastic pots filled with soil to evaluate the effects of salinity and drought stresses on growth, ionic composition, and physiological attributes. The experiment consisted of six treatments: control (without salinity and drought stress), salinity alone (7.5 dS m−1, 15 dS m−1), drought, and a combination of salinity and drought (7.5 dS m−1+ Drought, 15 dS m−1+Drought). Our results revealed that, compared with the control, both plant height (PH) and stem diameter (SD) were reduced by (83%, 80%, and 77%) and (69%, 56%, and 55%) under salinity and drought combination (15 dS m−1+Drought) after three, six, and nine months, respectively. There was 93% more leaf Na+ found in plants treated with 15 dS m−1+Drought compared with the control. The highest significant average membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC) values (81% and 85%, respectively) were found in the control. The MSI and RWC were not influenced by 7.5 dS m−1 and drought treatments and mostly contributed towards stress tolerance. Our findings imply that J. curcas is moderately tolerant to salinity and drought. The Na+ toxicity and disturbance in K+: Na+ ratio were the main contributing factors for limited growth and physiological attributes in this plant.
Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Muhammad Saqib; Ghulam Abbas; Muhammad Atiq-Ur-Rahman; Adnan Mustafa; Syed Atizaz Ali Shah; Khalid Mehmood; Ali Akbar Maitlo; Mahmood- Ul- Hassan; Nan Sun; Minggang Xu. Evaluating the Contribution of Growth, Physiological, and Ionic Components Towards Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance in Jatropha curcas. Plants 2020, 9, 1574 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Mohsin Abrar, Muhammad Saqib, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Atiq-Ur-Rahman, Adnan Mustafa, Syed Atizaz Ali Shah, Khalid Mehmood, Ali Akbar Maitlo, Mahmood- Ul- Hassan, Nan Sun, Minggang Xu. Evaluating the Contribution of Growth, Physiological, and Ionic Components Towards Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance in Jatropha curcas. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1574.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Mohsin Abrar; Muhammad Saqib; Ghulam Abbas; Muhammad Atiq-Ur-Rahman; Adnan Mustafa; Syed Atizaz Ali Shah; Khalid Mehmood; Ali Akbar Maitlo; Mahmood- Ul- Hassan; Nan Sun; Minggang Xu. 2020. "Evaluating the Contribution of Growth, Physiological, and Ionic Components Towards Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance in Jatropha curcas." Plants 9, no. 11: 1574.
Crop productivity and soil health are limited by organic carbon (OC), however, the variations in the mechanisms of SOC preservation in a complete soil profile subjected to long-term fertilization remains unclear. The objective of the study was to examined the content and profile distribution of the distinctive SOC protection mechanisms on a complete profile (0–100 cm) of Eumorthic Anthrosols in Northwest China after 23 years of chemical and manure fertilization. The soil was fractionated by combined physical-chemical and density floatation techniques. Throughout the profile, significant variations were observed among fractions. In the topsoil (0–20 and 20–40 cm), mineral coupling with the fertilization of manure (MNPK) enhanced total SOC content and recorded for 29% of SOC in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. Moreover, MNPK increased the SOC content of the unprotected cPOC fraction by 60.9% and 61.5% in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layer, while SOC content was low in the subsoil layers (40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm, respectively) compared with the control (C). The highest OC under MNPK in physically protected micro-aggregates (μagg) (6.36 and 6.06 g C kg−1), and occluded particulate organic carbon (iPOC) (1.41 and 1.29 g C kg−1) was found in the topsoil layers. The unprotected cPOC fraction was the greatest C accumulating fraction in the topsoil layers, followed by μagg and H-μSilt fractions in the soil profile, implying that these fractions were the most sensitive to the fertilization treatments. Overall, the unprotected, physically protected, and physico-chemically protected fractions were the dominant fractions for the sequestration of carbon across fertilization treatments and soil layers.
Syed Atizaz Ali Shah; Minggang Xu; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Adnan Mustafa; Shah Fahad; Tufail Shah; Xueyun Yang; Wei Zhou; Shulan Zhang; Sun Nan; Weiqi Shi. Long-term fertilization affects functional soil organic carbon protection mechanisms in a profile of Chinese loess plateau soil. Chemosphere 2020, 267, 128897 .
AMA StyleSyed Atizaz Ali Shah, Minggang Xu, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar, Adnan Mustafa, Shah Fahad, Tufail Shah, Xueyun Yang, Wei Zhou, Shulan Zhang, Sun Nan, Weiqi Shi. Long-term fertilization affects functional soil organic carbon protection mechanisms in a profile of Chinese loess plateau soil. Chemosphere. 2020; 267 ():128897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSyed Atizaz Ali Shah; Minggang Xu; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Adnan Mustafa; Shah Fahad; Tufail Shah; Xueyun Yang; Wei Zhou; Shulan Zhang; Sun Nan; Weiqi Shi. 2020. "Long-term fertilization affects functional soil organic carbon protection mechanisms in a profile of Chinese loess plateau soil." Chemosphere 267, no. : 128897.
Khalid Mehmood; Saifullah; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Muhammad Iqbal; Ehtesham Haider; Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Shoukat. Can PM2.5 pollution worsen the death rate due to COVID-19 in India and Pakistan? Science of The Total Environment 2020, 742, 140557 -140557.
AMA StyleKhalid Mehmood, Saifullah, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar, Muhammad Iqbal, Ehtesham Haider, Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Shoukat. Can PM2.5 pollution worsen the death rate due to COVID-19 in India and Pakistan? Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 742 ():140557-140557.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalid Mehmood; Saifullah; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Muhammad Iqbal; Ehtesham Haider; Hafiz Muhammad Hassan Shoukat. 2020. "Can PM2.5 pollution worsen the death rate due to COVID-19 in India and Pakistan?" Science of The Total Environment 742, no. : 140557-140557.
Air pollution is the common enemy of Pakistan and India, with both countries experiencing the worst air pollution in the world. According to the World Air Quality Report in 2018, 22 cities in India and 2 cities in Pakistan are among the world's top 30 most polluted cities. Recently, it is estimated that 645,000 premature deaths in India, and 111,000 in Pakistan, are recorded every year (Lelieveld, 2015). Despite a long history of hostilities between the two countries, the fates of people in both India and Pakistan are increasingly at risk from air pollution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Khalid Mehmood; Saifullah; Muhammad Iqbal; Zed Rengel; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar. Pakistan and India Collaboration to Improve Regional Air Quality Has Never Been More Promising. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2020, 16, 1 .
AMA StyleKhalid Mehmood, Saifullah, Muhammad Iqbal, Zed Rengel, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar. Pakistan and India Collaboration to Improve Regional Air Quality Has Never Been More Promising. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 2020; 16 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalid Mehmood; Saifullah; Muhammad Iqbal; Zed Rengel; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar. 2020. "Pakistan and India Collaboration to Improve Regional Air Quality Has Never Been More Promising." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 16, no. 5: 1.
Khalid Mehmood; Saifullah; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar. Can exposure to PM2.5 particles increase the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Science of The Total Environment 2020, 741, 140441 -140441.
AMA StyleKhalid Mehmood, Saifullah, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Mohsin Abrar. Can exposure to PM2.5 particles increase the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 741 ():140441-140441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalid Mehmood; Saifullah; Muhammad Iqbal; Muhammad Mohsin Abrar. 2020. "Can exposure to PM2.5 particles increase the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?" Science of The Total Environment 741, no. : 140441-140441.
Long term fertilization may have a significant effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and profile distribution. However, previous research mostly explored the SOC in the topsoil and provided little or no information about its distribution in deeper layers and various protection mechanisms particularly under long-term fertilization. The present study investigated the contents and profile distribution (0–100 cm) of distinct SOC protection mechanisms in the Mollisol (black soil) of Northeast China after 35 years of mineral and manure application. The initial Organic Matter content of the topsoil (0–20 cm) ranged from 26.4 to 27.0 g kg−1 soil, and ploughing depth was up to 20 cm. A combination of physical-chemical fractionation methods was employed to study various SOC fractions. There were significant variations throughout the profile among the various fractions and protection mechanisms. In topsoil (to 40 cm), mineral plus manure fertilization (MNPK) increased the total SOC content and accounted for 16.15% in the 0–20 cm and 12.34% in the 20–40 cm layer, while the manure alone (M) increased the total SOC by 56.14%, 48.73% and 27.73% in the subsoil (40–60, 60–80 and 80–100 cm, respectively). Moreover, MNPK and M in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively increased the unprotected coarse particulate organic carbon (cPOC) (48% and 26%, respectively), physically protected micro-aggregate (μagg) (20% and 18%, respectively) and occluded particulate organic carbon (iPOC) contents (279% and 93%, respectively) compared with the control (CK). A positive linear correlation was observed between total SOC and the cPOC, iPOC, physico-biochemically protected NH-μSilt and physico-chemically protected H-μSilt (p < 0.01) across the whole profile. Overall, physical, physico-biochemical and physico-chemical protection were the predominant mechanisms to sequester carbon in the whole profile, whereas the biochemical protection mechanisms were only relevant in the topsoil, thus demonstrating the differential mechanistic sensitivity of fractions for organic carbon cycling across the profile.
Muhammad Mohsin Abrar; Minggang Xu; Syed Atizaz Ali Shah; Muhammad Wajahat Aslam; Tariq Aziz; Adnan Mustafa; Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf; Baoku Zhou; Xingzhu Ma. Variations in the profile distribution and protection mechanisms of organic carbon under long-term fertilization in a Chinese Mollisol. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 723, 138181 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Mohsin Abrar, Minggang Xu, Syed Atizaz Ali Shah, Muhammad Wajahat Aslam, Tariq Aziz, Adnan Mustafa, Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf, Baoku Zhou, Xingzhu Ma. Variations in the profile distribution and protection mechanisms of organic carbon under long-term fertilization in a Chinese Mollisol. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 723 ():138181.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Mohsin Abrar; Minggang Xu; Syed Atizaz Ali Shah; Muhammad Wajahat Aslam; Tariq Aziz; Adnan Mustafa; Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf; Baoku Zhou; Xingzhu Ma. 2020. "Variations in the profile distribution and protection mechanisms of organic carbon under long-term fertilization in a Chinese Mollisol." Science of The Total Environment 723, no. : 138181.