Pneumonia has been directly responsible for a huge number of deaths all across the globe. Pneumonia shares visual features with other respiratory diseases, such as tuberculosis, which can make it difficult to distinguish between them. Moreover, there is significant variability in the way chest X-ray images are acquired and processed, which can impact the quality and consistency of the images. This can make it challenging to develop robust algorithms that can accurately identify pneumonia in all types of images. Hence, there is a need to develop robust, data-driven algorithms that are trained on large, high-quality datasets and validated using a range of imaging techniques and expert radiological analysis. In this research, a deep-learning-based model is demonstrated for differentiating between normal and severe cases of pneumonia. This complete proposed system has a total of eight pre-trained models, namely, ResNet50, ResNet152V2, DenseNet121, DenseNet201, Xception, VGG16, EfficientNet, and MobileNet. These eight pre-trained models were simulated on two datasets having 5856 images and 112,120 images of chest X-rays. The best accuracy is obtained on the MobileNet model with values of 94.23% and 93.75% on two different datasets. Key hyperparameters including batch sizes, number of epochs, and different optimizers have all been considered during comparative interpretation of these models to determine the most appropriate model.

Heart Disease (HD) is the reason for the deaths of 18 million people every year in the world. HD prediction is found to be a challenging issue that can provide a computerized estimate of the level of HD so that additional action can be simplified. Early detection and accurate prediction of HD play a critical role in providing timely medical interventions and improving patient outcomes. Thus, HD prediction has expected massive attention worldwide in healthcare environments. Deep Learning (DL) based systems played a significant role in various disease prediction and diagnosis with good efficiency. To this end, the main contribution of this paper is to design a robust HD prediction system using Hybrid Deep Neural Networks (HDNNs) involves combining multiple neural network architectures to extract and learn relevant features from the input data. The HDNN is employed to apply its feature learning capabilities and non-linear technology to capture complex patterns and relationships in HD datasets, leading to enhanced prediction accuracy. For this, three DL models, namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and a new HDNN model combining both CNN and LSTM along with additional Dense layers are proposed, to develop the hybrid HD prediction architecture. The proposed models were evaluated on two publicly available HD datasets, including the Cleveland HD dataset, and a large public HD dataset (Switzerland + Cleveland + Statlog + Hungarian + Long Beach VA). Additionally, the proposed system was measured through comparison with conventional systems concerning sensitivity, Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), F1-measure, accuracy, precision, and specificity. The promising accuracy achieved through the proposed system is 98.86%. The results demonstrated that this approach proved more accurate in its predictions than previous research. These outcomes suggest that the proposed HDNN model has great potential to be embedded into healthcare systems to develop advanced and reliable HD prediction models that can significantly contribute to medical diagnosis and improve patient care.

Due to the modern power system’s rapid development, more scattered smart grid components are securely linked into the power system by encircling a wide electrical power network with the underpinning communication system. By enabling a wide range of applications, such as distributed energy management, system state forecasting, and cyberattack security, these components generate vast amounts of data that automate and improve the efficiency of the smart grid. Due to traditional computer technologies’ inability to handle the massive amount of data that smart grid systems generate, AI-based alternatives have received a lot of interest. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) will be specifically developed in this study to address this issue by incorporating the adaptively time-developing energy system’s attributes to enhance the model of the dynamic properties of contemporary Smart Grid (SG) that are impacted by Revised Encoding Scheme (RES) or system reconfiguration to differentiate LSTM changes & real-time threats. More specifically, we provide a federated instructional strategy for consumer sharing of power data to Power Grid (PG) that is supported by edge clouds, protects consumer privacy, and is communication-efficient. They then design two optimization problems for Energy Data Owners (EDO) and energy service operations, as well as a local information assessment method in Federated Learning (FL) by taking non-independent and identically distributed (IID) effects into consideration. The test results revealed that LSTM had a longer training duration, four hidden levels, and higher training loss than other models. The provided method works incredibly well in several situations to identify FDIA. The suggested approach may successfully induce EDOs to employ high-quality local models, increase the payout of the ESP, and decrease task latencies, according to extensive simulations, which are the last points. According to the verification results, every assault sample could be effectively recognized utilizing the current detection methods and the LSTM RNN-based structure created by Smart.

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an important part of the body. According to World Health Organization (WHO) research, GI tract infections kill 1.8 million people each year. In the year 2019, almost 5 million individuals were detected with gastrointestinal disease. Radiation therapy has the potential to improve cure rates in GI cancer patients. Radiation oncologists direct X-ray beams at the tumour while avoiding the stomach and intestines. The current objective is to direct the X-ray beam toward the malignancy while avoiding the stomach and intestines in order to improve dose delivery to the tumour. This study offered a technique for segmenting GI tract organs (small bowel, big intestine, and stomach) to assist radio oncologists to treat cancer patients more quickly and accurately. The suggested model is a U-Net model designed from scratch and used for the segmentation of a small size of images to extract the local features more efficiently. Furthermore, in the proposed model, six transfer learning models were employed as the backbone of the U-Net topology. The six transfer learning models used are Inception V3, SeResNet50, VGG19, DenseNet121, InceptionResNetV2, and EfficientNet B0. The suggested model was analysed with model loss, dice coefficient, and IoU. The results specify that the suggested model outperforms all transfer learning models, with performance parameter values as 0.122 model loss, 0.8854 dice coefficient, and 0.8819 IoU.

Blockchain is a peer-to-peer trustless network that keeps records of digital assets without any central authority. With the passage of time, the sustainability issue of blockchain is rising. This paper discusses two major sustainability issues of blockchain: power consumption and scalability. It discusses the challenge of power consumption by analyzing various approaches to estimating power consumption in the literature. A case study of bitcoin is presented for this purpose. The study presents a review of the growing energy consumption of bitcoin along with a solution for immersion cooling in blockchain mining. The second challenge addressed in this research is scalability. With the increase in network size, scalability issues are also increasing as the number of transactions per second is decreasing. In other words, blockchain is observing low throughput with its increase in size. The paper discusses research studies and techniques proposed in the literature. The paper then investigates how to scale blockchain for better performance.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women, making it essential to have an accurate and dependable system for diagnosing benign or malignant tumors. It is essential to detect this cancer early in order to inform subsequent treatments. Currently, fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and machine learning (ML) models can be used to detect and diagnose this cancer more accurately. Consequently, an effective and dependable approach needs to be developed to enhance the clinical capacity to diagnose this illness. This study aims to detect and divide BC into two categories using the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) benchmark feature set and to select the fewest features to attain the highest accuracy. To this end, this study explores automated BC prediction using multi-model features and ensemble machine learning (EML) techniques. To achieve this, we propose an advanced ensemble technique, which incorporates voting, bagging, stacking, and boosting as combination techniques for the classifier in the proposed EML methods to distinguish benign breast tumors from malignant cancers. In the feature extraction process, we suggest a recursive feature elimination technique to find the most important features of the WDBC that are pertinent to BC detection and classification. Furthermore, we conducted cross-validation experiments, and the comparative results demonstrated that our method can effectively enhance classification performance and attain the highest value in six evaluation metrics, including precision, sensitivity, area under the curve (AUC), specificity, accuracy, and F1-score. Overall, the stacking model achieved the best average accuracy, at 99.89%, and its sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, precision, and AUC/ROC were 1.00%, 0.999%, 1.00%, 1.00%, and 1.00%, respectively, thus generating excellent results. The findings of this study can be used to establish a reliable clinical detection system, enabling experts to make more precise and operative decisions in the future. Additionally, the proposed technology might be used to detect a variety of cancers.