Blockchain is a peer-to-peer trustless network that keeps records of digital assets without any central authority. With the passage of time, the sustainability issue of blockchain is rising. This paper discusses two major sustainability issues of blockchain: power consumption and scalability. It discusses the challenge of power consumption by analyzing various approaches to estimating power consumption in the literature. A case study of bitcoin is presented for this purpose. The study presents a review of the growing energy consumption of bitcoin along with a solution for immersion cooling in blockchain mining. The second challenge addressed in this research is scalability. With the increase in network size, scalability issues are also increasing as the number of transactions per second is decreasing. In other words, blockchain is observing low throughput with its increase in size. The paper discusses research studies and techniques proposed in the literature. The paper then investigates how to scale blockchain for better performance.

Rapid technological breakthroughs in recent years, like Deepfake, have made it feasible to produce synthetic media that is remarkably lifelike, but they also present significant hazards to public trust, privacy, and security. This survey paper reviews the latest techniques for detecting deepfakes, focussing on important components as image and video manipulation, audio spoofing, and multimodal synthesis. It features state-of-the-art methods including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and multimodal architectures that are especially made to address the previously described deepfake criteria. The report provides a critical review of assessment measures used to assess detection model performance, including precision, accuracy, recall, computing effectiveness and efficiency, and fast responses to adversarial attacks. In order to assist direct future research, this highlights recent advancements in the subject, including explainable AI, federated learning, and self-supervised learning hierarchy. In order to examine the problems with adversarial attacks, scalability across different datasets, and the ethical implications of detection techniques, it is also vital to look into the technological and societal challenges surrounding multimedia-enabled deepfake detection. In particular, the usage of Blockchain Distributed Ledger Technology (BDLT) for traceability, lightweight modelling, and resilient systems forms for cross-model deepfake evaluation are discussed in this review study along with potential solutions to these limitations and areas for further research. This paper offers a comprehensive resource for future research, experts, and practitioners looking to combat the growing threat of deepfake, especially in the social media space, using innovative and useful detection tools.

Forecasting rainfall is crucial to the well-being of individuals and is significant everywhere in the world. It contributes to reducing the disastrous effects of floods on agriculture, human life, and socioeconomic systems. This study discusses the challenges of effectively forecasting rainfall and floods and the necessity of combining data with flood channel mathematical modelling to forecast floodwater levels and velocities. This research focuses on leveraging historical meteorological data to find trends using machine learning and deep learning approaches to estimate rainfall. The Bangladesh Meteorological Department provided the data for the study, which also uses eight machine learning algorithms. The performance of the machine learning models is examined using evaluation measures like the R² score, root mean squared error and validation loss. According to this research’s findings, polynomial regression, random forest regression, and long short-term memory (LSTM) had the highest performance levels. Random forest and polynomial regression have an R² value of 0.76, while LSTM has a loss value of 0.09, respectively.

Cloud Computing has the ability to provide on-demand access to a shared resource pool. It has completely changed the way businesses are managed, implement applications, and provide services. The rise in popularity has led to a significant increase in the user demand for services. However, in cloud environments efficient load balancing is essential to ensure optimal performance and resource utilization. This systematic review targets a detailed description of load balancing techniques including static and dynamic load balancing algorithms. Specifically, metaheuristic-based dynamic load balancing algorithms are identified as the optimal solution in case of increased traffic. In a cloud-based context, this paper describes load balancing measurements, including the benefits and drawbacks associated with the selected load balancing techniques. It also summarizes the algorithms based on implementation, time complexity, adaptability, associated issue(s), and targeted QoS parameters. Additionally, the analysis evaluates the tools and instruments utilized in each investigated study. Moreover, comparative analysis among static, traditional dynamic and metaheuristic algorithms based on response time by using the CloudSim simulation tool is also performed. Finally, the key open problems and potential directions for the state-of-the-art metaheuristic-based approaches are also addressed.

In the ever-evolving technological landscape, ensuring high system availability has become a paramount concern. This research paper focuses on cloud computing, a domain witnessing exponential growth and emerging as a critical use case for high-availability systems. To fulfil the criteria, many services in cloud infrastructures should be combined, relying on the user’s demands. Central to this study is load balancing, an integral element in harnessing the full potential of heterogeneous computing systems. In cloud environments, dynamic management of load balancing is crucial. This study explores how virtual machines can effectively remap resources in response to fluctuating loads dynamically, optimizing overall network performance. The core of this research involves an in-depth analysis of several metaheuristic algorithms applied to load balancing in cloud computing. These include Genetic Algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization, Ant Colony Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony, and Grey Wolf Optimization. Utilizing CloudAnalyst, the study conducts a comparative analysis of these techniques, focusing on key performance metrics such as Total Response Time (TRT) and Data Center Processing Time (DCPT). The findings of this research offer insights into the varying behaviors of these algorithms under different cloud configurations and user retention levels. The ultimate aim is to pave the way for developing innovative load-balancing strategies in cloud computing. By providing a comprehensive evaluation of existing metaheuristic methods, this paper contributes to advancing high-availability systems, underscoring the importance of tailored solutions in the dynamic realm of cloud technology.

The development of internet-connected environments to facilitate people to handle a variety of tasks is being made possible by the Internet of Things (IoT). Technology advancements offer businesses a numerous conveniences and benefits. However, they provide hackers and intruders more opportunities to investigate and take advantage of different methods to get through the security of IoT networks. Therefore, the primary challenges with the IoT based environments is security. It is essential to secure computer and Internet of Things platforms against a variety of threats and attacks. Furthermore, traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) frequently handle massive amounts of data from IoT networks that contain redundant and irrelevant data, which results in decreased accuracy and longer response times. Therefore, this paper proposed an IDS to detect different types of attacks on IoT networks by employing the CIC-IoT-2023 dataset. The most relevant IoT network features are extracted by integrating the Improved Binary Grey Wolf Optimisation (IBGWO) and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO). Additionally, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm is used to analyse the selected features, using several decision trees to produce an accurate response. Therefore, the suggested Hybrid IBGWO-PSO-RF model has significantly outperformed the other IDS algorithms with an accuracy of 99.96% for multi-class classification.