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Electrification is a potential solution for transport decarbonization and already widely available for individual and public transport. However, the availability of electrified commercial vehicles like waste collection vehicles is still limited, despite their significant contribution to urban emissions. Moreover, there is a lack of clarity whether electric waste collection vehicles can persist in real world conditions and which system design is required. Therefore, we introduce a multi-agent-based simulation methodology to investigate the technical feasibility and evaluate environmental and economic sustainability of an electrified urban waste collection. We present a synthetic model for waste collection demand on a per-link basis, using open available data. The tour planning is solved by an open-source algorithm as a capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP). This generates plausible tours which handle the demand. The generated tours are simulated with an open-source transport simulation (MATSim) for both the diesel and the electric waste collection vehicles. To compare the life cycle costs, we analyze the data using total cost of ownership (TCO). Environmental impacts are evaluated based on a Well-to-Wheel approach. We present a comparison of the two propulsion types for the exemplary use case of Berlin. And we are able to generate a suitable planning to handle Berlin’s waste collection demand using battery electric vehicles only. The TCO calculation reveals that the electrification raises the total operator cost by 16–30%, depending on the scenario and the battery size with conservative assumptions. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be reduced by 60–99%, depending on the carbon footprint of electric power generation.
Ricardo Ewert; Alexander Grahle; Kai Martins-Turner; Anne Magdalene Syré; Kai Nagel; Dietmar Göhlich. Electrification of Urban Waste Collection: Introducing a Simulation-Based Methodology for Technical Feasibility, Impact and Cost Analysis. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2021, 12, 122 .
AMA StyleRicardo Ewert, Alexander Grahle, Kai Martins-Turner, Anne Magdalene Syré, Kai Nagel, Dietmar Göhlich. Electrification of Urban Waste Collection: Introducing a Simulation-Based Methodology for Technical Feasibility, Impact and Cost Analysis. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12 (3):122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo Ewert; Alexander Grahle; Kai Martins-Turner; Anne Magdalene Syré; Kai Nagel; Dietmar Göhlich. 2021. "Electrification of Urban Waste Collection: Introducing a Simulation-Based Methodology for Technical Feasibility, Impact and Cost Analysis." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3: 122.
Electric moped scooter sharing services have recently experienced strong growth rates, particularly in Europe. Due to their compactness, environmental-friendliness and convenience, shared e-mopeds are suitable for helping to reduce the environmental impact of urban transport. However, its traffic-related, economic and environmental effects are merely represented in academic research. Therefore, this study investigates the ability of an e-moped sharing system to substitute passenger car trips, and the resulting economic and environmental effects. First, we model fleets of 2500, 10,000 and 50,000 shared e-mopeds in Berlin, based on a passenger car scenario generated by the multi-agent transport simulation framework MATSim. Afterwards, the total cost of ownership and a life cycle assessment are conducted. The results indicate that a substantial part of all passenger car trips in Berlin can be substituted. The larger the fleet, the more and longer trips are replaced. Simultaneously, the efficiency in terms of fleet utilization decreases. The scenario with 10,000 e-mopeds offers the lowest total distance-based costs for sharing operators, whereas a fleet consisting of 2500 vehicles exhibits the lowest environmental emissions per kilometer. Already with today’s grid mix, the use of shared e-mopeds results in a significant reduction in environmental impact compared to conventional and battery-electric passenger cars.
Chris Wortmann; Anne Syré; Alexander Grahle; Dietmar Göhlich. Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2021, 12, 96 .
AMA StyleChris Wortmann, Anne Syré, Alexander Grahle, Dietmar Göhlich. Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12 (3):96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChris Wortmann; Anne Syré; Alexander Grahle; Dietmar Göhlich. 2021. "Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3: 96.
Electric moped scooter sharing services have recently experienced strong growth rates, particularly in Europe. Due to their compactness, environmental-friendliness and convenience, shared e-mopeds are suitable modes of transport in urban mobility to help reduce the environmental impact. However, its traffic-related, economic and environmental effects are merely represented in academic research. We used passenger car traffic data in Berlin generated by the multi-agent transport simulation framework MATSim to develop a python-based simulation, resembling an e-moped sharing system. Based on the results, a total cost of ownership and a life cycle assessment for fleet sizes of 2,500, 10,000 and 50,000 vehicles were conducted. The results indicate that a substantial part of all passenger car trips in Berlin can be substituted. The larger the fleet, the more and longer trips are replaced. Simultaneously, the efficiency in terms of fleet utilization decreases. The scenario with 10,000 e-mopeds offers the lowest total distance-based costs for sharing operators, whereas a fleet consisting of 2,500 vehicles exhibits the lowest environmental emissions per kilometer driven over the expected lifespan of a shared e-moped. Based on the renewable energy potential for 2050 forecasted by the German Federal Environment Agency, a significant overall decline in environmental impacts can be achieved.
Chris Wortmann; Anne Magdalene Syré; Alexander Grahle; Dietmar Göhlich. Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleChris Wortmann, Anne Magdalene Syré, Alexander Grahle, Dietmar Göhlich. Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChris Wortmann; Anne Magdalene Syré; Alexander Grahle; Dietmar Göhlich. 2021. "Analysis of Electric Moped Scooter Sharing in Berlin: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Perspective." , no. : 1.
This paper presents a new methodology to derive and analyze strategies for a fully decarbonized urban transport system which combines conceptual vehicle design, a large-scale agent-based transport simulation, operational cost analysis, and life cycle assessment for a complete urban region. The holistic approach evaluates technical feasibility, system cost, energy demand, transportation time, and sustainability-related impacts of various decarbonization strategies. In contrast to previous work, the consequences of a transformation to fully decarbonized transport system scenarios are quantified across all traffic segments, considering procurement, operation, and disposal. The methodology can be applied to arbitrary regions and transport systems. Here, the metropolitan region of Berlin is chosen as a demonstration case. The first results are shown for a complete conversion of all traffic segments from conventional propulsion technology to battery electric vehicles. The transition of private individual traffic is analyzed regarding technical feasibility, energy demand and environmental impact. Commercial goods, municipal traffic and public transport are analyzed with respect to system cost and environmental impacts. We can show a feasible transition path for all cases with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions. Based on current technologies and today’s cost structures our simulation shows a moderate increase in total systems cost of 13–18%.
Dietmar Göhlich; Kai Nagel; Anne Syré; Alexander Grahle; Kai Martins-Turner; Ricardo Ewert; Ricardo Miranda Jahn; Dominic Jefferies. Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic. Sustainability 2021, 13, 839 .
AMA StyleDietmar Göhlich, Kai Nagel, Anne Syré, Alexander Grahle, Kai Martins-Turner, Ricardo Ewert, Ricardo Miranda Jahn, Dominic Jefferies. Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):839.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDietmar Göhlich; Kai Nagel; Anne Syré; Alexander Grahle; Kai Martins-Turner; Ricardo Ewert; Ricardo Miranda Jahn; Dominic Jefferies. 2021. "Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 839.
This paper presents a new methodology to derive and analyze strategies for a fully decarbonized urban transport system which combines conceptual vehicle design, a large-scale agent-based transport simulation, operational cost analysis, and life cycle assessment for a complete urban region. The holistic approach evaluates technical feasibility, system cost, energy demand, transportation time and sustainability-related impacts of various decarbonization strategies. In contrast to previous work, the consequences of a transformation to fully decarbonized transport system scenarios are quantified across all traffic segments, considering procurement, operation and disposal. The methodology can be applied to arbitrary regions and transport systems. Here, the metropolitan region of Berlin is chosen as a demonstration case. First results are shown for a complete conversion of all traffic segments from conventional propulsion technology to battery electric vehicles. The transition of private individual traffic is analyzed regarding technical feasibility, energy demand and environmental impact. Commercial goods, municipal traffic and public transport are analyzed with respect to system cost and environmental impacts. We can show a feasible transition path for all cases with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions. Based on current technologies and today’s cost structures our simulation shows a moderate increase in total systems cost of 13-18%.
Dietmar Göhlich; Kai Nagel; Anne Magdalene Syré; Alexander Grahle; Kai Martins-Turner; Ricardo Ewert; Ricardo Miranda Jahn; Dominic Jefferies. Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleDietmar Göhlich, Kai Nagel, Anne Magdalene Syré, Alexander Grahle, Kai Martins-Turner, Ricardo Ewert, Ricardo Miranda Jahn, Dominic Jefferies. Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDietmar Göhlich; Kai Nagel; Anne Magdalene Syré; Alexander Grahle; Kai Martins-Turner; Ricardo Ewert; Ricardo Miranda Jahn; Dominic Jefferies. 2020. "Integrated Approach for the Assessment of Strategies for the Decarbonization of Urban Traffic." , no. : 1.
In 2020, vehicle sales decreased dramatically due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, several voices have demanded a vehicle subsidy similar to the “environmental subsidy” in Germany in 2009. The ecological efficiency of vehicle subsidies is controversially discussed. This paper establishes a prognosis of the long-term environmental impacts of various car subsidy concepts. The CO2 emissions of the German car fleet impacted by the purchase subsidies are determined. A balance model of the CO2 emissions of the whole car life cycle is developed. The implementation of different subsidy scenarios directly affects the forecasted composition of the vehicle population and, therefore, the resulting life-cycle assessment. All scenarios compensate the additional emissions required by the production pull-in within the considered period and, hence, reduce the accumulated CO2 emissions until 2030. In the time period 2019–2030 and for a total number of 0.72 million subsidized vehicles—compensating the decrease due to the COVID-19 pandemic—savings of between 1.31 and 7.56 million t CO2 eq. are generated compared to the scenario without a subsidy. The exclusive funding of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is most effective, with an ecological break-even in 2025.
Malte Scharf; Ludger Heide; Alexander Grahle; Anne Magdalene Syré; Dietmar Göhlich. Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts for Stimulating Car Sales in Germany. 2020, 12, 1 .
AMA StyleMalte Scharf, Ludger Heide, Alexander Grahle, Anne Magdalene Syré, Dietmar Göhlich. Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts for Stimulating Car Sales in Germany. . 2020; 12 (23):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalte Scharf; Ludger Heide; Alexander Grahle; Anne Magdalene Syré; Dietmar Göhlich. 2020. "Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts for Stimulating Car Sales in Germany." 12, no. 23: 1.
In 2020, vehicle sales decreased dramatically due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, several voices have demanded a vehicle subsidy similar to the “environmental subsidy” in Germany in 2009. The ecological efficiency of vehicle subsidies is controversially discussed. This paper establishes a prognosis of the long-term environmental impacts of various car subsidy concepts. The CO2 emissions of the German car fleet impacted by the purchase subsidies are determined. A balance model of the CO2 emissions of the whole car life cycle is developed. The implementation of different subsidy scenarios directly affects the forecasted composition of the vehicle population and, therefore, the resulting life-cycle assessment. All scenarios compensate the additional emissions required by the production pull-in within the considered period and, hence, reduce the accumulated CO2 emissions until 2030. In the time period 2019–2030 and for a total number of 0.72 million subsidized vehicles—compensating the decrease due to the COVID-19 pandemic—savings of between 1.31 and 7.56 million t CO2 eq. are generated compared to the scenario without a subsidy. The exclusive funding of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is most effective, with an ecological break-even in 2025.
Malte Scharf; Ludger Heide; Alexander Grahle; Anne Syré; Dietmar Göhlich. Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts for Stimulating Car Sales in Germany. Sustainability 2020, 12, 37 .
AMA StyleMalte Scharf, Ludger Heide, Alexander Grahle, Anne Syré, Dietmar Göhlich. Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts for Stimulating Car Sales in Germany. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (23):37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalte Scharf; Ludger Heide; Alexander Grahle; Anne Syré; Dietmar Göhlich. 2020. "Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts for Stimulating Car Sales in Germany." Sustainability 12, no. 23: 37.
This paper establishes a prognosis of the long term environmental impact of various car subsidy concepts. The CO2 emissions of the German car fleet impacted by the purchase subsidies are determined. A balance model of the CO2 emissions of the whole car life cycle is developed. Consideration of production-, use- and End-of-Life processes are taken into account. The implementation of different subsidy scenarios directly affects the forecasted composition of the vehicle population and therefore the resulting life cycle assessment. All scenarios compensate the additional emissions required by the production pull-in within the considered period and hence reduce the accumulated CO2 emissions until 2030. The exclusive funding of BEVs is most effective with a break-even in 2025.
Malte Scharf; Ludger Heide; Alexander Grahle; Anne Syré; Dietmar Göhlich. Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts to Stimulate Car Sales in Germany. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleMalte Scharf, Ludger Heide, Alexander Grahle, Anne Syré, Dietmar Göhlich. Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts to Stimulate Car Sales in Germany. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalte Scharf; Ludger Heide; Alexander Grahle; Anne Syré; Dietmar Göhlich. 2020. "Environmental Impact of Subsidy Concepts to Stimulate Car Sales in Germany." , no. : 1.
Future transport will change drastically with the introduction of automated vehicles. Here, Autonomous Mobility on Demand (AMoD) will play a major role, requiring a radical change of vehicle design, with many different conceivable concepts. This technology shift holds high potentials and high risks. Uncertainties about future usage profiles, operator and customer requirements have to be dealt with. An approach to elicit initial requirements for future vehicle concepts considering the entire ecosystem is introduced. The applicability is shown for a specific urban mobility scenario.
A. Grahle; Y.-W. Song; K. Brüske; B. Bender; D. Göhlich. AUTONOMOUS SHUTTLES FOR URBAN MOBILITY ON DEMAND APPLICATIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEPENDENT REQUIREMENT ELICITATION. Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 2020, 1, 887 -896.
AMA StyleA. Grahle, Y.-W. Song, K. Brüske, B. Bender, D. Göhlich. AUTONOMOUS SHUTTLES FOR URBAN MOBILITY ON DEMAND APPLICATIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEPENDENT REQUIREMENT ELICITATION. Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference. 2020; 1 ():887-896.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Grahle; Y.-W. Song; K. Brüske; B. Bender; D. Göhlich. 2020. "AUTONOMOUS SHUTTLES FOR URBAN MOBILITY ON DEMAND APPLICATIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEPENDENT REQUIREMENT ELICITATION." Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN Conference 1, no. : 887-896.