Mechanical ventilation systems require a device for measuring the air flow provided to a patient in order to monitor and ensure the correct quantity of air proportionated to the patient, this device is the air flow sensor. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, flow sensors were not available in Peru because of the international supply shortage. In this context, a novel air flow sensor based on an orifice plate and an intelligent transducer was developed to form an integrated device. The proposed design was focused on simple manufacturing requirements for mass production in a developing country. CAD and CAE techniques were used in the design stage, and a mathematical model of the device was proposed and calibrated experimentally for the measured data transduction. The device was tested in its real working conditions and was therefore implemented in a breathing circuit connected to a low-cost mechanical ventilation system. Results indicate that the designed air flow sensor/transducer is a low-cost complete medical device for mechanical ventilators that is able to provide all the ventilation parameters by an equivalent electrical signal to directly display the following factors: air flow, pressure and volume over time. The evaluation of the designed sensor transducer was performed according to sundry transducer parameters such as geometrical parameters, material parameters and adaptive coefficients in the main transduction algorithm; in effect, the variety of the described results were achieved by the faster response time and robustness proportionated by transducers of nanostructures based on Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO), which enhanced the designed sensor/transducer (ST) during operation in intricate geographic places, such as the Andes mountains of Peru.

The vibration is an oscillatory movement caused by a propagation of waves through fluids or solids, and this consequence is achieved in many mechanic systems by the energy transmission between the movement source with the machine that needs the transmission movement, such as the vibration produced by a combustion engine, by a compressor system and by a result of movement transmission over rotor systems. However, if it is not a controlled mechanism to moderate the produced decibels, the main system that is affected by the vibration can reduce its performance; moreover, it can increase the surface temperature of the vibrating source and systems around. In spite of this, when it uses contact sensors to measure the vibration and temperature over the surface vibrating system, the measured data are under disturbance caused by the vibration source. Therefore, in this research is proposed an intelligent sensor/transducer based in amorphous nanostructures owing to measure the vibration of the surface through infrared (IR) emitter/receiver and the absorbance of the receiver sample has a quite range of work and robustness under disturbance of vibrating signals. This proposed sensor also has the possibility to charge energy by itself because of sun/warmth energy conversion.

The proposed research aims to analyze and optimize the measurement of thermal physical variables during the operation of a hydrogen combustion engine. The optimal measurement of the flow, temperature, pressure, and volume is given over the hydrogen, which is the main fuel of the studied combustion motor. Hence, the success of the measurement is based on the polynomial analysis of the combustion motor operation, which needs nonlinear algorithms to get the optimal correlation of the measured physical variables as well as a high robustness and short response time during the transduction of the measured physical variable, which is achieved as a consequence of the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) amorphous nanostructures properties that are modular solid state integration of the designed smart sensor. The short response time and high robustness is a good advantage for the designed smart sensor since it gives more time to execute sophisticated algorithms in order to get the optimal physical variables measurement. In fact, the proposed smart sensor keeps the possibility to be modular and solid state for the interaction with the hydrogen fuel as well as recognizing the presence of other molecules mixed in the fluid, which can alarm the user who is able to recognize whether it is joined oxygen or carbon residues. Therefore, the proposed research work toward a good compromise to care for the environment condition based on a cleaner combustion motor operation.

Rotor systems need bearings in order to keep uniformity of rotational movement transmission. However, bearingsgenerate friction and energy losses due to heating transmisssion through the friction; for this reason, mechanicak bearings are replaced by magnetic bearings owing to avoid energy losing because of friction. We designed Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB) to transmit rotational movement from source of movement (motor) through the rotor to the movement receptor (such as a conveyor belt). Magnetic Bearings need accuracy during System Identification process and a sophisticated control algorithm to get an uniform rotation movement transmission. In this work also it was analyzed and proved by simulations that Active Magnetic Bearings composed with sensors /actuators based in nanostructures are faster and robust compared with AMB based in traditional sensors/actuators. It because, nanostructures receive and send signals better way tan traditional sensors/actuators, because of high oredered nanoarrays improve sensor/actuator properties.

An Air Compressor System is an equipment (mechanical system) which can transmit energy due to increase air pressure level of air flow that through it. This energy can be used in many applications, such as in drills for mining, adding air to tires on vehicles, spraying crops, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to know the mathematical model of an Air Compressor System to study all the thermodynamical variables: “Temperature, Pressure, Air Flow” which let to get a formalized explanation of the energy transfer through this equipment. Furthermore it is described that Air Compressor System can be enhanced while it uses sensors/actuators based in nanostructures.

. Esta investigación se ha escrito a fin de apoyar a estudiantes de ingeniería electrónica, mecatrónica y mecánica ya que comparte muchas experiencias en el diseño de análisis de transducción y sus aplicaciones. Además, este trabajo también está propuesto para investigadores que quieran correlacionar el análisis matemático con el diseño de algoritmos basados en criterios adaptativos y predictivos para obtener modelos óptimos, a partir de los cuales se pueden encontrar los parámetros físicos de un sistema. Esto significa obtener el modelo matemático del proceso medido como consecuencia de modelos teóricos y el análisis experimental multivariable. El diseño de sensores avanzados es una tarea asombrosa en el desarrollo de instrumentación para la medición de variables físicas en procesos de ingeniería, como se da en mecánica, termodinámica y electromagnetismo [Medina]. Por esta razón, en esta investigación se describen aplicaciones en la medición de temperatura de motores de combustión o motores eléctricos, así como la medición del flujo del fluido que transmite la energía para mover cilindros hidráulicos/neumáticos; además, la medición de vibraciones en el sistema de Rodamiento Magnético Activo (AMB) para mejorar rotores desbalanceados, así como el sonido medido y producido para sistemas de Control Activo de Ruido (ANC). En consecuencia, los sensores inteligentes diseñados tienen la ventaja de correlacionar variables físicas medidas, lo que se apoya en el algoritmo de procesamiento para obtener estimaciones/predicciones adaptativas de la medición óptima, incluso en condiciones de perturbaciones.