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With the aim to produce functional dairy products enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by using feed supplements, radical changes could occur in the rumen microbiome. This work investigated the alterations of the rumen bacteriome of goats fed with PUFA-rich marine microalgae Schizochytrium spp. For the trial, twenty-four goats were divided into four homogenous clusters (six goats/treatment) according to their fat-corrected (4%) milk yield, body weight, and age; they were individually fed with alfalfa hay and a concentrate (F/C = 50/50). The concentrate of the control group (CON) contained no microalgae, while those of the treated groups were supplemented daily with 20 (ALG20), 40 (ALG40), and 60 g (ALG60) of Schizochytrium spp./goat. Rumen fluid samples were collected using a stomach tube during the 20th and 40th days of the experiment. The microbiome analysis using a 16S rRNA sequencing platform revealed that Firmicutes were decreased in microalgae-fed goats, while Bacteroidetes showed a tendency to increase in the ALG40 group due to the enhancement of Prevotellaceae. Cellulolytic bacteria, namely Treponema bryantii, Ruminococcus gauvreauii, R. albus, and R. flavefaciens, were decreased in the ALG40 group, resulting in an overall decrease of cellulase activity. In contrast, the amylolytic potential was significantly enhanced due to an upsurge in Ruminobacter amylophilus, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Fretibacterium fastidiosum populations. In conclusion, supplementing goats’ diets with 20 g Schizochytrium spp. could be considered a sustainable and efficient nutritional strategy to modulate rumen microbiome towards the development of dairy products enriched with bioactive compounds, while higher levels induced substantial shifts in determinant microbes’ populations.
Alexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Eleni Tsiplakou. Changes in the Rumen Bacteriome Structure and Enzymatic Activities of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation with Schizochytrium spp. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1528 .
AMA StyleAlexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitrios Skliros, Emmanouil Flemetakis, Eleni Tsiplakou. Changes in the Rumen Bacteriome Structure and Enzymatic Activities of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation with Schizochytrium spp. Microorganisms. 2021; 9 (7):1528.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Eleni Tsiplakou. 2021. "Changes in the Rumen Bacteriome Structure and Enzymatic Activities of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation with Schizochytrium spp." Microorganisms 9, no. 7: 1528.
Lytic bacteriophages have been well documented to play a pivotal role in microbial ecology due to their complex interactions with bacterial species, especially in aquatic habitats. Although the use of phages as antimicrobial agents, known as phage therapy, in the aquatic environment has been increasing, recent research has revealed drawbacks due to the development of phage-resistant strains among Gram-negative species. Acquired phage resistance in marine Vibrios has been proven to be a very complicated process utilizing biochemical, metabolic, and molecular adaptation strategies. The results of our multi-omics approach, incorporating transcriptome and metabolome analyses of Vibrio alginolyticus phage-resistant strains, corroborate this prospect. Our results provide insights into phage-tolerant strains diminishing the expression of phage receptors ompF, lamB, and btuB. The same pattern was observed for genes encoding natural nutrient channels, such as rbsA, ptsG, tryP, livH, lysE, and hisp, meaning that the cell needs to readjust its biochemistry to achieve phage resistance. The results showed reprogramming of bacterial metabolism by transcript regulations in key-metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and lysine biosynthesis, as well as the content of intracellular metabolites belonging to processes that could also significantly affect the cell physiology. Finally, SNP analysis in resistant strains revealed no evidence of amino acid alterations in the studied putative bacterial phage receptors, but several SNPs were detected in genes involved in transcriptional regulation. This phenomenon appears to be a phage-specific, fine-tuned metabolic engineering, imposed by the different phage genera the bacteria have interacted with, updating the role of lytic phages in microbial marine ecology.
Dimitrios Skliros; Panos Kalatzis; Chrysanthi Kalloniati; Fotios Komaitis; Sokratis Papathanasiou; Evangelia Kouri; Michael Udvardi; Constantina Kokkari; Pantelis Katharios; Emmanouil Flemetakis. The Development of Bacteriophage Resistance in Vibrio alginolyticus Depends on a Complex Metabolic Adaptation Strategy. Viruses 2021, 13, 656 .
AMA StyleDimitrios Skliros, Panos Kalatzis, Chrysanthi Kalloniati, Fotios Komaitis, Sokratis Papathanasiou, Evangelia Kouri, Michael Udvardi, Constantina Kokkari, Pantelis Katharios, Emmanouil Flemetakis. The Development of Bacteriophage Resistance in Vibrio alginolyticus Depends on a Complex Metabolic Adaptation Strategy. Viruses. 2021; 13 (4):656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitrios Skliros; Panos Kalatzis; Chrysanthi Kalloniati; Fotios Komaitis; Sokratis Papathanasiou; Evangelia Kouri; Michael Udvardi; Constantina Kokkari; Pantelis Katharios; Emmanouil Flemetakis. 2021. "The Development of Bacteriophage Resistance in Vibrio alginolyticus Depends on a Complex Metabolic Adaptation Strategy." Viruses 13, no. 4: 656.
Whole sesame seeds (WSS) are rich in both linoleic acid (LA) and lignans. However, their impact on the innate immunity of goats is not well studied. Twenty-four goats were divided into three homogeneous sub-groups; comprise one control (CON) and two treated (WWS5 and WWS10). In the treated groups, WSS were incorporated in the concentrates of the CON at 5 (WSS5) and 10% (WSS10) respectively, by partial substitution of both soybean meal and corn grain. The expression levels of MAPK1, IL6, TRIF, IFNG, TRAF3, and JUND genes in the neutrophils of WSS10 fed goats were reduced significantly compared with the CON. The same was found for the expression levels of IFNG and TRAF3 genes in the neutrophils of WSS5 fed goats. Both treated groups primarily affected the MYD88-independent pathway. The dietary supplementation of goats with WSS might be a good nutritional strategy to improve their innate immunity.
Christina Mitsiopoulou; Kyriaki Sotirakoglou; Dimitrios Skliros; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Eleni Tsiplakou. The Impact of Whole Sesame Seeds on the Expression of Key-Genes Involved in the Innate Immunity of Dairy Goats. Animals 2021, 11, 468 .
AMA StyleChristina Mitsiopoulou, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Dimitrios Skliros, Emmanouil Flemetakis, Eleni Tsiplakou. The Impact of Whole Sesame Seeds on the Expression of Key-Genes Involved in the Innate Immunity of Dairy Goats. Animals. 2021; 11 (2):468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Mitsiopoulou; Kyriaki Sotirakoglou; Dimitrios Skliros; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Eleni Tsiplakou. 2021. "The Impact of Whole Sesame Seeds on the Expression of Key-Genes Involved in the Innate Immunity of Dairy Goats." Animals 11, no. 2: 468.
Fat rich microorganisms, such as microalgae Schizochytrium spp., are potential biotechnological tools in the modulation of rumen microbiome towards ecofriendly and high nutritional value end-products. However, limited in vivo trials have been reported on the topic. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge on the effect of fat rich microalgae on the methanogenic and feed degrading particle-associated microbes in goats’ rumen content. For the trial, twenty-four goats were divided into four homogenous clusters (six goats/treatment) according to their fat corrected (4%) milk yield, body weight and age and individually were fed with alfalfa hay and concentrate feeds (F/C = 50/50). The concentrate of the control group (CON) contained no microalgae, while those of the treated groups were supplemented daily with 20 (ALG20), 40 (ALG40), and 60 (ALG60) g of Schizochytrium spp./goat. The relative abundances of total Archaea, methanogens, Methanomassiliicoccales, Methanobrevibacter spp., Methanosphaera stadmanae and Methanobacterium formicicum were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in microalgae-fed goats compared to the CON ones. Moreover, a significant decline in the relative abundances of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrosolvents, and Neocallimastigales in the rumen particle-associated microbiota of microalgae supplemented goats were observed. In conclusion, goats’ diets supplementation with Schizochytrium spp., could be considered a sustainable nutritional strategy for methanogens inhibition in their rumen particle-associated microbiota.
Alexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Marica Simoni; Federico Righi; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Eleni Tsiplakou. Alterations in the Rumen Particle-Associated Microbiota of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation Levels of Schizochytrium spp. Sustainability 2021, 13, 607 .
AMA StyleAlexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitrios Skliros, Marica Simoni, Federico Righi, Emmanouil Flemetakis, Eleni Tsiplakou. Alterations in the Rumen Particle-Associated Microbiota of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation Levels of Schizochytrium spp. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):607.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Marica Simoni; Federico Righi; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Eleni Tsiplakou. 2021. "Alterations in the Rumen Particle-Associated Microbiota of Goats in Response to Dietary Supplementation Levels of Schizochytrium spp." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 607.
The fermentative production of biobased chemicals and polymers using crude lignocellulose hydrolysates is challenging due to the presence of various inhibitory compounds and multiple sugars. This study evaluates the metabolic response of Actinobacillus succinogenes for the production of succinic acid using spent sulphite liquor (SSL) as feedstock derived from industrial acidic sulphite pulping of Eucalyptus globulus hardwood. A transcriptomic approach led to significant insights on gene regulation of the major metabolic pathways (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation) in batch cultures carried out on SSL and compared with glucose and xylose. Significantly overexpressed genes in SSL compared to glucose and xylose were fructose biphosphate aldolase (> 1.18-fold change) in the catabolism, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (> 1.59-fold change) and malate dehydrogenase (> 1.49-fold change) in the TCA cycle, citrate lyase (> 1.7-fold change), dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (> 0.88-fold change), pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 (> 1.63-fold change) and pyruvate formate lyase (> 0.61-fold change), involved in acetyl-CoA pathways. Finally, C4 tricarboxylic transporters were overexpressed (DCU (> 1.61-fold change) and 0079 (> 4.19-fold change). SSL was responsible for the upregulation of genes involved in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, while xylose showed similar results with SSL in the oxidative phosphorylation.
Chrysanthi Pateraki; Dimitrios Skliros; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Apostolis Koutinas. Succinic acid production from pulp and paper industry waste: A transcriptomic approach. Journal of Biotechnology 2021, 325, 250 -260.
AMA StyleChrysanthi Pateraki, Dimitrios Skliros, Emmanouil Flemetakis, Apostolis Koutinas. Succinic acid production from pulp and paper industry waste: A transcriptomic approach. Journal of Biotechnology. 2021; 325 ():250-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChrysanthi Pateraki; Dimitrios Skliros; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Apostolis Koutinas. 2021. "Succinic acid production from pulp and paper industry waste: A transcriptomic approach." Journal of Biotechnology 325, no. : 250-260.
Rumen protected amino acids inclusion in ewes’ diets has been proposed to enhance their innate immunity. The objective of this work was to determine the impact of dietary supplementation with rumen-protected methionine or lysine, as well as with a combination of these amino acids in two different ratios, on the expression of selected key-genes (NLRs, MyD88, TRIF, MAPK-1, IRF-3, JunD, TRAF-3, IRF-5, IL-1α, IL-10, IKK-α, STAT-3 and HO-1). Thus, sixty Chios dairy ewes (Ovis aries) were assigned to one of the following five dietary treatments (12 animals/ treatment): A: basal diet consist of concentrates, wheat straw and alfalfa hay (control group); B: basal diet +6.0 g/head rumen-protected methionine; C: basal diet + 5.0 g/head rumen-protected lysine; D: basal diet +6.0 g/head rumen-protected methionine + 5.0 g/head rumen-protected lysine and E: basal diet +12.0 g/head rumen-protected methionine + 5.0 g/head rumen-protected lysine. The results revealed a significant downregulation of relative transcript level of the IL-1α gene in the neutrophils of C and in monocytes of D ewes compared with the control. Significantly lower mRNA transcript accumulation was also observed for the MyD88 gene in the neutrophils of ewes fed with lysine only (C). The mRNA relative expression levels of JunD gene were highly induced in the monocytes, while those of IL-10 and HO-1 genes were declined in the neutrophils of ewes fed with the C and D diets compared with the control. Lower transcript levels of STAT-3 gene were observed in the neutrophils of ewes fed with either C or with E diets in comparison with the control. In conclusion, our results suggest that the dietary supplementation of ewes with rumen-protected amino acids, down regulate the expression of some genes involved in the pro-inflammatory signalling.
Eleni Tsiplakou; Alexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Federico Righi; Emmanouil Flemetakis. The impact of rumen-protected amino acids on the expression of key- genes involved in the innate immunity of dairy sheep. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0233192 .
AMA StyleEleni Tsiplakou, Alexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitrios Skliros, Federico Righi, Emmanouil Flemetakis. The impact of rumen-protected amino acids on the expression of key- genes involved in the innate immunity of dairy sheep. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (5):e0233192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEleni Tsiplakou; Alexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Federico Righi; Emmanouil Flemetakis. 2020. "The impact of rumen-protected amino acids on the expression of key- genes involved in the innate immunity of dairy sheep." PLOS ONE 15, no. 5: e0233192.
Monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) represent key components of the carbon transport and partitioning mechanisms in plants, mediating the cell-to-cell and long-distance distribution of a wide variety of monosaccharides. In this study, we performed a thorough structural, molecular, and physiological characterization of the monosaccharide transporter gene family in the model legume Medicago truncatula. The complete set of MST family members was identified with a novel bioinformatic approach. Prolonged darkness was used as a test condition to identify the relevant transcriptomic and metabolic responses combining MST transcript profiling and metabolomic analysis. Our results suggest that MSTs play a pivotal role in the efficient partitioning and utilization of sugars, and possibly in the mechanisms of carbon remobilization in nodules upon photosynthate-limiting conditions, as nodules are forced to acquire a new role as a source of both C and N.
Fotios Komaitis; Katerina Kalliampakou; Maria Botou; Marios Nikolaidis; Chrysanthi Kalloniati; Dimitrios Skliros; Baoguo Du; Heinz Rennenberg; Grigoris D Amoutzias; Stathis Frillingos; Emmanouil Flemetakis. Molecular and physiological characterization of the monosaccharide transporters gene family in Medicago truncatula. Journal of Experimental Botany 2020, 71, 3110 -3125.
AMA StyleFotios Komaitis, Katerina Kalliampakou, Maria Botou, Marios Nikolaidis, Chrysanthi Kalloniati, Dimitrios Skliros, Baoguo Du, Heinz Rennenberg, Grigoris D Amoutzias, Stathis Frillingos, Emmanouil Flemetakis. Molecular and physiological characterization of the monosaccharide transporters gene family in Medicago truncatula. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2020; 71 (10):3110-3125.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFotios Komaitis; Katerina Kalliampakou; Maria Botou; Marios Nikolaidis; Chrysanthi Kalloniati; Dimitrios Skliros; Baoguo Du; Heinz Rennenberg; Grigoris D Amoutzias; Stathis Frillingos; Emmanouil Flemetakis. 2020. "Molecular and physiological characterization of the monosaccharide transporters gene family in Medicago truncatula." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 10: 3110-3125.
Amino acids might be a tool to transform animals from a pro‐ to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype through the downregulation of several genes (TLR‐4, NF‐κB, TNFa, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐8, CCL‐5 and CXCL‐16) whose expression increases during inflammation. To examine this possibility, each of sixty Chios dairy sheep was assigned to one of the following five dietary treatments: A: basal diet (control group); B: basal diet +6.0 g/head rumen‐protected methionine (MetaSmart™); C: basal diet +5.0 g/head rumen‐protected lysine (LysiGEM™); D: basal diet +6.0 g/head MetaSmart™ + 5.0 g/head LysiGEM™; and E: basal diet +12.0 g/head MetaSmart™ + 5.0 g/head LysiGEM. The results showed a significant downregulation in the expression of the TLR‐4 gene in both the macrophages and the neutrophils of ewes fed rumen‐protected amino acids. Significantly lower mRNA transcript accumulation was also observed for the TNFa, IL‐1β and CXCL‐16 genes in the macrophages and for the IL‐1β gene in the neutrophils of ewes supplemented with amino acids. The ewes that received dietary supplementation with rumen‐protected lysine alone (C) had significantly lower CCL‐5 transcript levels in their macrophages than the ewes fed the other supplemented diets. Diet D enhanced the mRNA expression of the IL‐2 gene in ewe neutrophils. Negative correlations were found between: a. TLR‐4, TNFa, IL‐1β and CXCL‐16 gene expression in macrophages and the milk fat and total solids content; b. CCL‐5 gene expression in neutrophils and the milk yield and FCM(6%); and c. CXCL‐16 gene expression and the milk protein content. Moreover, positive correlations were found between the BHBA concentration and the expression of the TLR‐4 and CXCL‐16 genes in macrophages. In conclusion, the rumen‐protected amino acids improved sheep metabolism (as indicated by reduced blood BHBA and urea concentrations), milk chemical composition and immune system function.
Eleni Tsiplakou; Alexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Kyriaki Sotirakoglou; Emmanouil Flemetakis; George Zervas. The effects of dietary supplementation with rumen-protected amino acids on the expression of several genes involved in the immune system of dairy sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 2018, 102, 1437 -1449.
AMA StyleEleni Tsiplakou, Alexandros Mavrommatis, Dimitrios Skliros, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Emmanouil Flemetakis, George Zervas. The effects of dietary supplementation with rumen-protected amino acids on the expression of several genes involved in the immune system of dairy sheep. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2018; 102 (6):1437-1449.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEleni Tsiplakou; Alexandros Mavrommatis; Dimitrios Skliros; Kyriaki Sotirakoglou; Emmanouil Flemetakis; George Zervas. 2018. "The effects of dietary supplementation with rumen-protected amino acids on the expression of several genes involved in the immune system of dairy sheep." Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102, no. 6: 1437-1449.
Omic technologies in the past years have provided a variety of data in model plants. In legumes, results οn Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula have highlighted the biochemistry which takes place inside cells under a variety of abiotic stresses. Here we conducted metabolomics in the forage legume lentil (Lens culinaris) upon salinity stress on acclimated and non-acclimated plants and compared results from leaf and root analyses. We used two lentil varieties, originated from different geographical locations and studied differences in their global metabolite profile i) using gradual or initial application of salt stress, ii) between leaves and roots, and iii) between the varieties. Most important differences were noted in salinity induced diminished abundance of organic acids in both varieties’ leaves and roots, accumulation of sugars and polyols in leaves, and accumulation of other key-metabolites, such as L-asparagine, D-trehalose, allantoin and urea in the roots. We also demonstrated the driver of deleterious Cl− accumulation in leaves for potential compartmentalization in the vacuole, a defensive mechanism for withstanding salinity stress in plants. Finally, a model is suggested of how legumes upregulate a metabolic pathway, which involves purines catabolism in order to assimilate carbon and nitrogen, which are limited during salinity stress. Future omics works with lentil can help understanding the regulation of the biochemical “arsenal” against abiotic stresses such as salinity and render the selection of better crops.
Dimitrios Skliros; Chrysanthi Kalloniati; Georgios Karalias; George N. Skaracis; Heinz Rennenberg; Emmanouil Flemetakis. Global metabolomics analysis reveals distinctive tolerance mechanisms in different plant organs of lentil (Lens culinaris) upon salinity stress. Plant and Soil 2018, 429, 451 -468.
AMA StyleDimitrios Skliros, Chrysanthi Kalloniati, Georgios Karalias, George N. Skaracis, Heinz Rennenberg, Emmanouil Flemetakis. Global metabolomics analysis reveals distinctive tolerance mechanisms in different plant organs of lentil (Lens culinaris) upon salinity stress. Plant and Soil. 2018; 429 (1-2):451-468.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitrios Skliros; Chrysanthi Kalloniati; Georgios Karalias; George N. Skaracis; Heinz Rennenberg; Emmanouil Flemetakis. 2018. "Global metabolomics analysis reveals distinctive tolerance mechanisms in different plant organs of lentil (Lens culinaris) upon salinity stress." Plant and Soil 429, no. 1-2: 451-468.
Haloalkanes are acutely toxic to animals and humans and their toxic effects are mainly observed in the liver, kidneys and central nervous system. In the present work, the haloalkane dehalogenase from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii (DrlA) was characterized. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme activity assays revealed that the DrlA gene expression in R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii is induced by 1,2-dibromoethane (1,2-DBE) during the early exponential phase. The gene of the enzyme was isolated, cloned and expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3). Recombinant DrlA displays its high catalytic activity towards 1,2-DBE and the long-chain haloalkane 1-iodohexane. Limited activity was observed for other aliphatic and cyclic haloalkanes, indicating that the enzyme displays restricted substrate specificity, compared to other bacterial HLDs. Homology modelling and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the enzyme belongs to the HLD-II subfamily and shares the same overall fold and domain organization as other bacterial HLDs, however major variations were identified at the hydrophobic substrate-binding cavity, the cap domain and the entrance of the main tunnel that affect the size of the active site pocket and the substrate recognition mechanism. This work sheds new light on the environmental fate and toxicity of 1,2-DBE and provides new knowledge on the structure, function and diversity of HLDs for developing applications in toxicology.
Nikolaos Georgakis; Evangelia Chronopoulou; Maria Anna Gad; Dimitrios Skliros; Rodica Efrose; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Nikolaos E. Labrou. Functional and Catalytic Characterization of the Detoxifying Enzyme Haloalkane Dehalogenase from Rhizobium leguminosarum. Protein & Peptide Letters 2017, 24, 599 -608.
AMA StyleNikolaos Georgakis, Evangelia Chronopoulou, Maria Anna Gad, Dimitrios Skliros, Rodica Efrose, Emmanouil Flemetakis, Nikolaos E. Labrou. Functional and Catalytic Characterization of the Detoxifying Enzyme Haloalkane Dehalogenase from Rhizobium leguminosarum. Protein & Peptide Letters. 2017; 24 (7):599-608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNikolaos Georgakis; Evangelia Chronopoulou; Maria Anna Gad; Dimitrios Skliros; Rodica Efrose; Emmanouil Flemetakis; Nikolaos E. Labrou. 2017. "Functional and Catalytic Characterization of the Detoxifying Enzyme Haloalkane Dehalogenase from Rhizobium leguminosarum." Protein & Peptide Letters 24, no. 7: 599-608.
Sequencing and annotation was performed for two giant double stranded DNA bacteriophages, φGrn1 and φSt2 of the Myoviridae family, considered to be of great interest for phage therapy against Vibrios in aquaculture live feeds. In addition, phage-host metabolic interactions and exploitation was studied by transcript profiling of selected viral and host genes. Comparative genomic analysis with other giant Vibrio phages was also performed to establish the presence and location of homing endonucleases highlighting distinct features for both phages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belong to the “schizoT4like” clade. Although many reports of newly sequenced viruses have provided a large set of information, basic research related to the shift of the bacterial metabolism during infection remains stagnant. The function of many viral protein products in the process of infection is still unknown. Genome annotation identified the presence of several viral ORFs participating in metabolism, including a Sir2/cobB (sirtuin) protein and a number of genes involved in auxiliary NAD+ and nucleotide biosynthesis, necessary for phage DNA replication. Key genes were subsequently selected for detail study of their expression levels during infection. This work suggests a complex metabolic interaction and exploitation of the host metabolic pathways and biochemical processes, including a possible post-translational protein modification, by the virus during infection.
Dimitrios Skliros; Panos G. Kalatzis; Pantelis Katharios; Emmanouil Flemetakis. Comparative Functional Genomic Analysis of Two Vibrio Phages Reveals Complex Metabolic Interactions with the Host Cell. Frontiers in Microbiology 2016, 7, 1807 .
AMA StyleDimitrios Skliros, Panos G. Kalatzis, Pantelis Katharios, Emmanouil Flemetakis. Comparative Functional Genomic Analysis of Two Vibrio Phages Reveals Complex Metabolic Interactions with the Host Cell. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2016; 7 ():1807.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimitrios Skliros; Panos G. Kalatzis; Pantelis Katharios; Emmanouil Flemetakis. 2016. "Comparative Functional Genomic Analysis of Two Vibrio Phages Reveals Complex Metabolic Interactions with the Host Cell." Frontiers in Microbiology 7, no. : 1807.