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Meeting future global staple crop demand requires continual productivity improvement. Many performance indicators have been proposed to track and measure the increase in productivity while minimizing environmental degradation. However, their use has lagged behind theory, and has not been uniform across crops in different geographies. The consequence is an uneven understanding of opportunities for sustainable intensification. Simple but robust key performance indicators (KPIs) are needed to standardize knowledge across crops and geographies. This paper defines a new term ‘agronomic gain’ based on an improvement in KPIs, including productivity, resource use efficiencies, and soil health that a specific single or combination of agronomic practices delivers under certain environmental conditions. We apply the concept of agronomic gain to the different stages of science-based agronomic innovations and provide a description of different approaches used to assess agronomic gain including yield gap assessment, meta-data analysis, on-station and on-farm studies, impact assessment, panel studies, and use of subnational and national statistics for assessing KPIs at different stages. We mainly focus on studies on rice in sub-Saharan Africa, where large yield gaps exist. Rice is one of the most important staple food crops and plays an essential role in food security in this region. Our analysis identifies major challenges in the assessment of agronomic gain, including differentiating agronomic gain from genetic gain, unreliable in-person interviews, and assessment of some KPIs at a larger scale. To overcome these challenges, we suggest to (i) conduct multi-environment trials for assessing variety × agronomic practice × environment interaction on KPIs, and (ii) develop novel approaches for assessing KPIs, through development of indirect methods using remote-sensing technology, mobile devices for systematized site characterization, and establishment of empirical relationships among KPIs or between agronomic practices and KPIs.
Kazuki Saito; Johan Six; Shota Komatsu; Sieglinde Snapp; Todd Rosenstock; Aminou Arouna; Steven Cole; Godfrey Taulya; Bernard Vanlauwe. Agronomic gain: Definition, approach, and application. Field Crops Research 2021, 270, 108193 .
AMA StyleKazuki Saito, Johan Six, Shota Komatsu, Sieglinde Snapp, Todd Rosenstock, Aminou Arouna, Steven Cole, Godfrey Taulya, Bernard Vanlauwe. Agronomic gain: Definition, approach, and application. Field Crops Research. 2021; 270 ():108193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazuki Saito; Johan Six; Shota Komatsu; Sieglinde Snapp; Todd Rosenstock; Aminou Arouna; Steven Cole; Godfrey Taulya; Bernard Vanlauwe. 2021. "Agronomic gain: Definition, approach, and application." Field Crops Research 270, no. : 108193.
Global interest and investment in food system transformation should be accompanied by critical analysis of its justice implications. Multiple forms of injustice, and the potential role that research might play in exacerbating these, are key considerations for those engaging with food system transformation and justice.
Stephen Whitfield; Marina Apgar; Chikondi Chabvuta; Andrew Challinor; Karl Deering; Andrew Dougill; Abid Gulzar; Felix Kalaba; Christine Lamanna; David Manyonga; Lars Otto Naess; Claire Helen Quinn; Todd S. Rosentock; Susannah M. Sallu; Kate Schreckenberg; Harriet Elizabeth Smith; Ruth Smith; Peter Steward; Katharine Vincent. A framework for examining justice in food system transformations research. Nature Food 2021, 2, 383 -385.
AMA StyleStephen Whitfield, Marina Apgar, Chikondi Chabvuta, Andrew Challinor, Karl Deering, Andrew Dougill, Abid Gulzar, Felix Kalaba, Christine Lamanna, David Manyonga, Lars Otto Naess, Claire Helen Quinn, Todd S. Rosentock, Susannah M. Sallu, Kate Schreckenberg, Harriet Elizabeth Smith, Ruth Smith, Peter Steward, Katharine Vincent. A framework for examining justice in food system transformations research. Nature Food. 2021; 2 (6):383-385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Whitfield; Marina Apgar; Chikondi Chabvuta; Andrew Challinor; Karl Deering; Andrew Dougill; Abid Gulzar; Felix Kalaba; Christine Lamanna; David Manyonga; Lars Otto Naess; Claire Helen Quinn; Todd S. Rosentock; Susannah M. Sallu; Kate Schreckenberg; Harriet Elizabeth Smith; Ruth Smith; Peter Steward; Katharine Vincent. 2021. "A framework for examining justice in food system transformations research." Nature Food 2, no. 6: 383-385.
Forests and woodlands remain under threat in tropical Africa due to excessive exploitation and inadequate management interventions, and the isolated success stories of tree retention and tree cover transition on African agricultural land are less well documented. In this study, we characterize the status of tree cover in a landscape that contains forest patches, fallows, and farms in the southern part of Uluguru Mountains. We aimed to unveil the practices of traditional tree fallow system which is socially acceptable in local settings and how it provides a buffering effects to minimize forest disturbances and thus represents an important step towards tree cover transition. We assessed land cover dynamics for the period of 1995 to 2020 and compared tree stocking for forest patches, fallows, and farms. We found that tree biomass carbon stocks were 56 ± 5 t/ha in forest patches, 33 ± 7 t/ha in fallows, and 9 ± 2 t/ha on farms. In terms of land cover, farms shrank at intensifying rates over time for the entire assessment period of 1995–2020. Forest cover decreased from 1995–2014, with the reduction rate slowing from 2007–2014 and the trend reversing from 2014–2020, such that forest cover showed a net increase across the entire study period. Fallow consistently and progressively increased from 1995–2020. We conclude that traditional tree fallows in the study site remain a significant element of land management practice among communities, and there appears to be a trend towards intensified tree-based farming. The gains in fallowed land represent an embracing of a traditional land management system that supports rotational and alternate uses of cropping space as well as providing a buffering effect to limit over-exploitation of forests. In order to maximize tree cover and carbon stocks in the farm landscape, this well-known traditional tree fallow system can be further optimized through the incorporation of additional innovations.
Mathew Mpanda; Almas Kashindye; Ermias Aynekulu; Elvis Jonas; Todd Rosenstock; Richard Giliba. Forests, Farms, and Fallows: The Dynamics of Tree Cover Transition in the Southern Part of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Land 2021, 10, 571 .
AMA StyleMathew Mpanda, Almas Kashindye, Ermias Aynekulu, Elvis Jonas, Todd Rosenstock, Richard Giliba. Forests, Farms, and Fallows: The Dynamics of Tree Cover Transition in the Southern Part of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Land. 2021; 10 (6):571.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathew Mpanda; Almas Kashindye; Ermias Aynekulu; Elvis Jonas; Todd Rosenstock; Richard Giliba. 2021. "Forests, Farms, and Fallows: The Dynamics of Tree Cover Transition in the Southern Part of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania." Land 10, no. 6: 571.
Improving agricultural activity data is a cost-effective option for reducing the uncertainty of greenhouse gas inventories and monitoring mitigation actions, meeting multiple national data needs, and bolstering investments. It’s time to direct effort to this opportunity.
Todd S. Rosenstock; Andreas Wilkes. Reorienting emissions research to catalyse African agricultural development. Nature Climate Change 2021, 11, 463 -465.
AMA StyleTodd S. Rosenstock, Andreas Wilkes. Reorienting emissions research to catalyse African agricultural development. Nature Climate Change. 2021; 11 (6):463-465.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodd S. Rosenstock; Andreas Wilkes. 2021. "Reorienting emissions research to catalyse African agricultural development." Nature Climate Change 11, no. 6: 463-465.
Globally, ~0.8 million (M) ha of land is under Areca palm (Areca catechu) plantations with annual nut production of 1.0 M mega grams (Mg). Areca (also called betel nut) has been principally managed in plantations for commercial nut production and a primary source of income for ~16 million people in India. A substantial portion of betel nut plantations has been developed by converting natural forests. Although Areca has vast geographical distribution with economic importance, little has been studied on its role in biomass carbon management. Therefore, the present study aims (i) to develop biomass estimation models for Areca, and (ii) to estimate biomass storage and changes in carbon stock along a chronosequence of Areca plantations. The mean aboveground and total biomass across all height classes ranged from 4 to 56 and 5–75 kg plant−1, respectively. Among the biomass models compared, the model that contained both plant height (H) and diameter at breast height (D) as predictor variables was the top ranked for predicting total plant biomass. The estimated total biomass carbon stocks were 7.8, 18.4, 20.5 and 20.5 Mg ha−1 in 10, 15, 25, and 35 yr old plantations, respectively. The biomass carbon accumulation rate ranged between 0.59 Mg ha−1 yr−1in 35 yr old plantations and 1.22 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in 15 yr old plantations. Due to their low biomass carbon storage and other associated ecosystem disservices, monoculture palm plantations play a minimal role in sustainable land management and climate change mitigation in our study area. We recommend Areca polycultures and the integration of agroforestry practices in existing monoculture Areca plantations to maintain environmental sustainability.
Milon Das; Panna Chandra Nath; Gudeta Weldesemayat Sileshi; Rajiv Pandey; Arun Jyoti Nath; Ashesh Kumar Das. Biomass models for estimating carbon storage in Areca palm plantations. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 2021, 10, 100115 .
AMA StyleMilon Das, Panna Chandra Nath, Gudeta Weldesemayat Sileshi, Rajiv Pandey, Arun Jyoti Nath, Ashesh Kumar Das. Biomass models for estimating carbon storage in Areca palm plantations. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. 2021; 10 ():100115.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilon Das; Panna Chandra Nath; Gudeta Weldesemayat Sileshi; Rajiv Pandey; Arun Jyoti Nath; Ashesh Kumar Das. 2021. "Biomass models for estimating carbon storage in Areca palm plantations." Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 10, no. : 100115.
Gudeta W. Sileshi; Solomon Gebeyehu. Corrigendum to “Emerging infectious diseases threatening food security and economies in Africa” [Global Food Secur. 28 (2021) 100479]. Global Food Security 2021, 29, 100527 .
AMA StyleGudeta W. Sileshi, Solomon Gebeyehu. Corrigendum to “Emerging infectious diseases threatening food security and economies in Africa” [Global Food Secur. 28 (2021) 100479]. Global Food Security. 2021; 29 ():100527.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGudeta W. Sileshi; Solomon Gebeyehu. 2021. "Corrigendum to “Emerging infectious diseases threatening food security and economies in Africa” [Global Food Secur. 28 (2021) 100479]." Global Food Security 29, no. : 100527.
Africa’s need to double food production and feed the burgeoning human population, without compromising its natural resource base, has raised the momentum for sustainable agricultural intensification on the continent. Many studies describe agronomic practices that can increase productivity on existing agricultural land without damaging the environment and without increasing the agricultural carbon footprint. However, there is limited information on specific practices with the greatest potential to contribute to sustainable intensification on smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, while simultaneously keeping the carbon footprint low. The objectives of this review were to (1) identify good agronomic practices with potential for contributing to sustainable intensification across sub-Saharan Africa, (2) synthesize available information on benefits and synergies from these technologies, and (3) discuss bottlenecks in their adoption in order to obtain insights that inform the formulation of supportive policies. Agroforestry, cereal-legume intercropping, conservation agriculture, doubled-up legume cropping, fertilizer micro-dosing, planting basins, and push-pull technology were identified as key agronomic innovations widely promoted in sub-Saharan Africa. We show that these innovations can build synergies and increase resource use efficiency while reducing agricultural carbon footprint. We outline the benefits, trade-offs, and limitations of these practices and discuss their potential role in strengthening food sovereignty and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Shem Kuyah; Gudeta Weldesemayat Sileshi; Libère Nkurunziza; Ngonidzashe Chirinda; Pierre Celestin Ndayisaba; Kangbéni Dimobe; Ingrid Öborn. Innovative agronomic practices for sustainable intensification in sub-Saharan Africa. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2021, 41, 1 -21.
AMA StyleShem Kuyah, Gudeta Weldesemayat Sileshi, Libère Nkurunziza, Ngonidzashe Chirinda, Pierre Celestin Ndayisaba, Kangbéni Dimobe, Ingrid Öborn. Innovative agronomic practices for sustainable intensification in sub-Saharan Africa. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2021; 41 (2):1-21.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShem Kuyah; Gudeta Weldesemayat Sileshi; Libère Nkurunziza; Ngonidzashe Chirinda; Pierre Celestin Ndayisaba; Kangbéni Dimobe; Ingrid Öborn. 2021. "Innovative agronomic practices for sustainable intensification in sub-Saharan Africa. A review." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 41, no. 2: 1-21.
The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of several non-Annex I countries mention agroforestry but mostly without associated mitigation target. The absence of reliable data, including on existing agroforestry practices and their carbon storage, partially constrains the target setting. In this paper, we estimate the mitigation potential of agroforestry carbon sequestration in Vietnam using a nationwide agroforestry database and carbon data from the literature. Sequestered carbon was estimated for existing agroforestry systems and for areas into which these systems can be expanded. Existing agroforestry systems in Vietnam cover over 0.83 million hectares storing a 1346 ± 92 million ton CO2 equivalent including above-, belowground, and soil carbon. These systems could be expanded to an area of 0.93–2.4 million hectares. Of this expansion area, about 10% is considered highly suitable for production, with a carbon sequestration potential of 2.3–44 million ton CO2 equivalent over the period 2021–2030. If neglecting agroforestry’s potential for modifying micro-climates, climate change can reduce the highly suitable area of agroforestry and associated carbon by 34–48% in 2050. Agroforestry can greatly contribute to Vietnam’s 2021–2030 NDC, for example, to offset the greenhouse gas emissions of the agriculture sector.
Rachmat Mulia; Duong Dinh Nguyen; Mai Phuong Nguyen; Peter Steward; Van Thanh Pham; Hoang Anh Le; Todd Rosenstock; Elisabeth Simelton. Enhancing Vietnam’s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical and Economic Estimate. Land 2020, 9, 528 .
AMA StyleRachmat Mulia, Duong Dinh Nguyen, Mai Phuong Nguyen, Peter Steward, Van Thanh Pham, Hoang Anh Le, Todd Rosenstock, Elisabeth Simelton. Enhancing Vietnam’s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical and Economic Estimate. Land. 2020; 9 (12):528.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRachmat Mulia; Duong Dinh Nguyen; Mai Phuong Nguyen; Peter Steward; Van Thanh Pham; Hoang Anh Le; Todd Rosenstock; Elisabeth Simelton. 2020. "Enhancing Vietnam’s Nationally Determined Contribution with Mitigation Targets for Agroforestry: A Technical and Economic Estimate." Land 9, no. 12: 528.
Emerging infectious plant diseases (EIPD) pose major challenges to global food systems. We identified 14 EIPDs that can potentially inflict combined production losses worth over US$ 1.4 billion annually on food crops across Africa with implications for the stability of food systems locally and food prices globally. We also identified evolution of hypervirulent pathotypes, introduction of alien invasive species, intensification and simplification of agroecosystems, climate change and lack of biosecurity policies as factors favouring disease emergence. Current research focuses on single host-pathogen interactions and breeding for race-specific resistance although EIPDs continue to overcome the widely deployed resistance genes. We recommend greater emphasis on biosecurity and diversification of agroecosystems to reduce impacts of EIPDs on food systems and local economies.
Gudeta W. Sileshi; Solomon Gebeyehu. Emerging infectious diseases threatening food security and economies in Africa. Global Food Security 2020, 28, 100479 .
AMA StyleGudeta W. Sileshi, Solomon Gebeyehu. Emerging infectious diseases threatening food security and economies in Africa. Global Food Security. 2020; 28 ():100479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGudeta W. Sileshi; Solomon Gebeyehu. 2020. "Emerging infectious diseases threatening food security and economies in Africa." Global Food Security 28, no. : 100479.
There is an urgent need to develop resilient agroecosystems capable of helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, particularly drought. In East Africa, diversification of maize-based cropping systems by intercropping with grain and tree legumes may foster productivity and resilience to adverse weather conditions. We tested whether intercropping enhances drought resistance and crop and whole-system yields by imposing drought in monocultures and additive intercrops along a crop diversity gradient—sole maize (Zea mays), sole pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), maize-pigeonpea, maize-gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium, a woody perennial), and maize-pigeonpea-gliricidia—with and without fertilizer application. We developed and tested a novel low-cost, above-canopy rainout shelter design for drought experiments made with locally-sourced materials that successfully reduced soil moisture without creating sizeable artifacts for the crop microenvironment. Drought reduced maize grain yield under fertilized conditions in some cropping systems but did not impact pigeonpea grain yield. Whole-system grain yield and theoretical caloric and protein yields in two intercropping systems, maize-pigeonpea and maize-gliricidia, were similar to the standard sole maize system. Maize-pigeonepea performed most strongly compared to other systems in terms of protein yield. Maize-pigeonpea was the only intercrop that consistently required less land than its corresponding monocultures to produce the same yield (Land Equivalent Ratio >1), particularly under drought. Despite intercropping systems having greater planting density than sole maize and theoretically greater competition for water, they were not more prone to yield loss with drought. Our results show that maize-pigeonpea intercropping provides opportunities to produce the same food on less land under drought and non-drought conditions, without compromising drought resistance of low-input smallholder maize systems.
Leah L. R. Renwick; Anthony A. Kimaro; Johannes M. Hafner; Todd S. Rosenstock; Amélie C. M. Gaudin. Maize-Pigeonpea Intercropping Outperforms Monocultures Under Drought. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2020, 4, 1 .
AMA StyleLeah L. R. Renwick, Anthony A. Kimaro, Johannes M. Hafner, Todd S. Rosenstock, Amélie C. M. Gaudin. Maize-Pigeonpea Intercropping Outperforms Monocultures Under Drought. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 2020; 4 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeah L. R. Renwick; Anthony A. Kimaro; Johannes M. Hafner; Todd S. Rosenstock; Amélie C. M. Gaudin. 2020. "Maize-Pigeonpea Intercropping Outperforms Monocultures Under Drought." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4, no. : 1.
Nine Latin American countries plan to use silvopastoral practices—incorporating trees into grazing lands—to mitigate climate change. However, the cumulative potential of scaling up silvopastoral systems at national levels is not well quantified. Here, we combined previously published tree cover data based on 250 m resolution MODIS satellite remote sensing imagery for 2000–2017 with ecofloristic zone carbon stock estimates to calculate historical and potential future tree biomass carbon storage in Colombian grasslands. Between 2000 and 2017, tree cover across all Colombian grasslands increased from 15% to 18%, with total biomass carbon (TBC) stocks increasing from 0.41 to 0.48 Pg. The range in 2017 carbon stock values in grasslands based on ecofloristic zones (5 to 122 Mg ha−1) suggests a potential for further increase. Increasing all carbon stocks to the current median and 75th percentile levels for the respective eco-floristic zone would increase TBC stocks by about 0.06 and 0.15 Pg, respectively. Incorporated into national C accounting, such Tier 2 estimates can set realistic targets for silvopastoral systems in nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) implementation plans in Colombia and other Latin American countries with similar contexts.
Ermias Aynekulu; Marta Suber; Meine Van Noordwijk; Jacobo Arango; James M. Roshetko; Todd Rosenstock. Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia. Land 2020, 9, 309 .
AMA StyleErmias Aynekulu, Marta Suber, Meine Van Noordwijk, Jacobo Arango, James M. Roshetko, Todd Rosenstock. Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia. Land. 2020; 9 (9):309.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErmias Aynekulu; Marta Suber; Meine Van Noordwijk; Jacobo Arango; James M. Roshetko; Todd Rosenstock. 2020. "Carbon Storage Potential of Silvopastoral Systems of Colombia." Land 9, no. 9: 309.
Declining soil fertility is one of the major problems facing producers of field crops in most dryland areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. In response to the declining soil fertility, extensive participatory research has been undertaken by the World Agroforestry (ICRAF) and smallholder farmers in Dodoma region, Tanzania. The research has, amongst others, led to the development of Gliricidia agroforestry technology. The positive impact of Gliricidia intercropping on crop yields has been established. However, information on farmers’ willingness and ability to adopt the Gliricidia agroforestry technology on their farms is limited. This study predicts the adoption of Gliricidia agroforestry and conventional mineral fertilizer use technology. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted with groups of farmers, purposively selected based on five sets of criteria: (i) at least 2 years of experience in either trying or using Gliricidia agroforestry technology, (ii) at least 1 year of experience in either trying or using the mineral fertilizer technology (iii) at least 10 years of living in the study villages, (iv) the age of 18 years and above, and (v) sex. The Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool (ADOPT) was used to predict the peak adoption levels and the respective time in years. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the effect of change in adoption variables on predicted peak adoption levels and time to peak adoption. The results revealed variations in peak adoption levels with Gliricidia agroforestry technology exhibiting the highest peak of 67.6% in 12 years, and that the most influential variable to the peak adoption is the upfront cost of investing in Gliricidia agroforestry and fertilizer technologies. However, in Gliricidia agroforestry technology most production costs are incurred in the first year of project establishment but impact the long term biophysical and economic benefits. Moreover, farmers practicing agroforestry technology accrue environmental benefits, such as soil erosion control. Based on the results, it is plausible to argue that Gliricidia agroforestry technology has a high adoption potential and its adoption is influenced by investment costs. We recommend two actions to attract smallholder farmers investing in agroforestry technologies. First, enhancing farmers’ access to inputs at affordable prices. Second, raising farmers’ awareness of the long-term environmental benefits of Gliricidia agroforestry technology.
Martha Swamila; Damas Philip; Adam Akyoo; Stefan Sieber; Mateete Bekunda; Anthony Kimaro. Gliricidia Agroforestry Technology Adoption Potential in Selected Dryland Areas of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Agriculture 2020, 10, 306 .
AMA StyleMartha Swamila, Damas Philip, Adam Akyoo, Stefan Sieber, Mateete Bekunda, Anthony Kimaro. Gliricidia Agroforestry Technology Adoption Potential in Selected Dryland Areas of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Agriculture. 2020; 10 (7):306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartha Swamila; Damas Philip; Adam Akyoo; Stefan Sieber; Mateete Bekunda; Anthony Kimaro. 2020. "Gliricidia Agroforestry Technology Adoption Potential in Selected Dryland Areas of Dodoma Region, Tanzania." Agriculture 10, no. 7: 306.
Xiomara Gaviria-Uribe; Universidad Nacional De Colombia; Ngonidzashe Chirinda; Rolando Barahona-Rosales; Diana M. Bolívar-Vergara; Todd Rosenstock; Jacobo Arango; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); World Agroforestry Centre (Icraf). Measurement of methane emissions in cattle with infrared gas analyzer and gas chromatography. Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica 2020, 23, 1 .
AMA StyleXiomara Gaviria-Uribe, Universidad Nacional De Colombia, Ngonidzashe Chirinda, Rolando Barahona-Rosales, Diana M. Bolívar-Vergara, Todd Rosenstock, Jacobo Arango, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), World Agroforestry Centre (Icraf). Measurement of methane emissions in cattle with infrared gas analyzer and gas chromatography. Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica. 2020; 23 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiomara Gaviria-Uribe; Universidad Nacional De Colombia; Ngonidzashe Chirinda; Rolando Barahona-Rosales; Diana M. Bolívar-Vergara; Todd Rosenstock; Jacobo Arango; International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT); World Agroforestry Centre (Icraf). 2020. "Measurement of methane emissions in cattle with infrared gas analyzer and gas chromatography." Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica 23, no. 2: 1.
Mary N. Muchane; Gudeta W. Sileshi; Sofia Gripenberg; Mattias Jonsson; Lorena Pumariño; Edmundo Barrios. Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2020, 295, 1 .
AMA StyleMary N. Muchane, Gudeta W. Sileshi, Sofia Gripenberg, Mattias Jonsson, Lorena Pumariño, Edmundo Barrios. Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2020; 295 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMary N. Muchane; Gudeta W. Sileshi; Sofia Gripenberg; Mattias Jonsson; Lorena Pumariño; Edmundo Barrios. 2020. "Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 295, no. : 1.
Climate-smart business models target multiple Sustainable Development Goals by fostering agricultural productivity, supporting farm and farmer livelihood resilience, and encouraging climate mitigation. While many business models (cl)aiming to create climate-smart value already exist both in agricultural development and business practice, little scholarly attention has so far been directed toward their functioning. In this paper, we argue that business models need to be inclusive and adaptive to generate climate-smart value equitably for all stakeholders involved and sustainably over time. Inclusivity involves not only providing the poor at the Bottom-of-the-Pyramid (BoP) with access to resources (e.g. finance, technology, access to markets) in business models but also, according to some scholars, with guaranteeing their representation in decision-making over the use of these resources. Adaptability entails the capacity to smoohtly adjust structures and processes of enterprise-BoP partnerships that underlie business models. We suggest that building inclusive and adaptive climate-smart business models is non-trivial work which, in the future, will require rapid cycles of collective experimentation and reflection between decision-makers in climate-smart business models and researchers studying them.
Todd S Rosenstock; Rob Lubberink; Sera Gondwe; Timothy Manyise; Domenico Dentoni. Inclusive and adaptive business models for climate-smart value creation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2020, 42, 76 -81.
AMA StyleTodd S Rosenstock, Rob Lubberink, Sera Gondwe, Timothy Manyise, Domenico Dentoni. Inclusive and adaptive business models for climate-smart value creation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2020; 42 ():76-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodd S Rosenstock; Rob Lubberink; Sera Gondwe; Timothy Manyise; Domenico Dentoni. 2020. "Inclusive and adaptive business models for climate-smart value creation." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 42, no. : 76-81.
Human activities change the structure and function of the environment with cascading impacts on human health, a concept known as "planetary health." Agroforestry—the management of trees with crops and livestock—alters microclimates, hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biodiversity. Besides the nutritional benefits of increased fruit consumption, however, the ways agroforestry affects human health are rarely articulated. This review makes that link. We analyze the pathways through which tree-based farm and landscape change affect food and nutrition security, the spread of infectious disease, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and human migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. The available evidence suggests that, despite some increased risks of infectious disease, agroforestry is likely to improve a diverse range of pressing health concerns. We therefore examine the factors determining agroforestry use and identify three drivers of social and environmental change that will determine the future uptake of agroforestry in the region.
Todd S. Rosenstock; Ian Dawson; Ermias Aynekulu; Susan Chomba; Ann Degrande; Kimberly Fornace; Ramni Jamnadass; Anthony Kimaro; Roeland Kindt; Christine Lamanna; Maimbo Malesu; Kai Mausch; Stepha McMullin; Peninah Murage; Nictor Namoi; Mary Njenga; Isaac Nyoka; Ana Maria Paez Valencia; Phosiso Sola; Keith Shepherd; Peter Steward. A Planetary Health Perspective on Agroforestry in Sub-Saharan Africa. One Earth 2019, 1, 330 -344.
AMA StyleTodd S. Rosenstock, Ian Dawson, Ermias Aynekulu, Susan Chomba, Ann Degrande, Kimberly Fornace, Ramni Jamnadass, Anthony Kimaro, Roeland Kindt, Christine Lamanna, Maimbo Malesu, Kai Mausch, Stepha McMullin, Peninah Murage, Nictor Namoi, Mary Njenga, Isaac Nyoka, Ana Maria Paez Valencia, Phosiso Sola, Keith Shepherd, Peter Steward. A Planetary Health Perspective on Agroforestry in Sub-Saharan Africa. One Earth. 2019; 1 (3):330-344.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodd S. Rosenstock; Ian Dawson; Ermias Aynekulu; Susan Chomba; Ann Degrande; Kimberly Fornace; Ramni Jamnadass; Anthony Kimaro; Roeland Kindt; Christine Lamanna; Maimbo Malesu; Kai Mausch; Stepha McMullin; Peninah Murage; Nictor Namoi; Mary Njenga; Isaac Nyoka; Ana Maria Paez Valencia; Phosiso Sola; Keith Shepherd; Peter Steward. 2019. "A Planetary Health Perspective on Agroforestry in Sub-Saharan Africa." One Earth 1, no. 3: 330-344.
Agroforestry—the integration of trees with crops and livestock—generates many benefits directly relevant to the UNFCCC’s Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture, including: (i) building resilience, (ii) increasing soil carbon and improving soil health, (iii) providing fodder and shade for sustainable livestock production and (iv) diversifying human diets and economic opportunities. Despite its significance to the climate agenda, agroforestry may not be included in measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) systems under the UNFCCC. Here we report on a first appraisal of how agroforestry is treated in national MRV systems under the UNFCCC. We examined national communications (NCs) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of 147 countries, REDD + strategies and plans of 73 countries, and 283 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), as well as conducted interviews with representatives of 12 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. We found that there is a significant gap between national ambition and national ability to measure and report on agroforestry. Forty percent of the countries assessed explicitly propose agroforestry as a solution in their NDCs, with agroforestry being embraced most widely in Africa (71%) and less broadly in the Americas (34%), Asia (21%) and Oceania (7%). Seven countries proposed 10 agroforestry-based NAMAs. Of 73 developing countries that have REDD + strategies, about 50% identified agroforestry as a way to combat forest decline. Despite these intentions, however, agroforestry is not visible in many MRV systems. For example, although 66% of the countries reported non-forest trees in the national inventory, only 11% gave a quantitative estimate of number of trees or areal extent. Interviews revealed institutional, technical and financial challenges preventing comprehensive, transparent inclusion of agroforestry in MRV systems. The absence has serious implications. If such trees are not counted in inventories or climate change programs, then a major carbon sink is not being accounted for. Only if agroforestry resources are measured, reported and verified will they gain access to finance and other support. We discuss four recommendations to better match ability to ambition.
Todd S. Rosenstock; Andreas Wilkes; Courtney Jallo; Nictor Namoi; Medha Bulusu; Marta Suber; Damaris Mboi; Rachmat Mulia; Elisabeth Simelton; Meryl Richards; Noel Gurwick; Eva Wollenberg. Making trees count: Measurement and reporting of agroforestry in UNFCCC national communications of non-Annex I countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2019, 284, 106569 .
AMA StyleTodd S. Rosenstock, Andreas Wilkes, Courtney Jallo, Nictor Namoi, Medha Bulusu, Marta Suber, Damaris Mboi, Rachmat Mulia, Elisabeth Simelton, Meryl Richards, Noel Gurwick, Eva Wollenberg. Making trees count: Measurement and reporting of agroforestry in UNFCCC national communications of non-Annex I countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 2019; 284 ():106569.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTodd S. Rosenstock; Andreas Wilkes; Courtney Jallo; Nictor Namoi; Medha Bulusu; Marta Suber; Damaris Mboi; Rachmat Mulia; Elisabeth Simelton; Meryl Richards; Noel Gurwick; Eva Wollenberg. 2019. "Making trees count: Measurement and reporting of agroforestry in UNFCCC national communications of non-Annex I countries." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 284, no. : 106569.
Alien invasive insect and mite species (AIS) represent a major challenge for agriculture, food production, and biodiversity in Africa. However, the lack of awareness and appreciation of AIS threats continues to hinder the development of appropriate policies and practices for their management in sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of this review are to (1) provide a synthesis of current and future threats to food production and the economic impacts of AIS, (2) identify challenges to their management at national and regional levels, and (3) propose a strategy for a concerted pan-African response. The review identifies a total of 16 alien invasive insect and mite pests, affecting all categories of food crops, causing combined losses in excess of US$ 1 billion annually across Africa. Various models predict that AIS threats will continue to increase due to expansion of the geographic distribution and host range of existing invasions, thus threatening the already tenuous food situation on the continent. The review also reveals that only 16.7% of the countries have adequate border control procedures, while over 66.7% do not have comprehensive AIS management strategies. Therefore, we propose development of a pan-African strategy for effectively responding to AIS threats, and achieving the continental visions of free trade and collective food security. We recommend that biosecurity be considered as a food security intervention complementing yield improvement technologies, and implemented as a core element of national and regional strategies.
Gudeta W. Sileshi; Solomon Gebeyehu; Paramu L Mafongoya. The threat of alien invasive insect and mite species to food security in Africa and the need for a continent-wide response. Food Security 2019, 11, 763 -775.
AMA StyleGudeta W. Sileshi, Solomon Gebeyehu, Paramu L Mafongoya. The threat of alien invasive insect and mite species to food security in Africa and the need for a continent-wide response. Food Security. 2019; 11 (4):763-775.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGudeta W. Sileshi; Solomon Gebeyehu; Paramu L Mafongoya. 2019. "The threat of alien invasive insect and mite species to food security in Africa and the need for a continent-wide response." Food Security 11, no. 4: 763-775.
Climate variability is a major source of risk to smallholder farmers and pastoralists, particularly in dryland regions. A growing body of evidence links climate-related risk to the extent and the persistence of rural poverty in these environments. Stochastic shocks erode smallholder farmers' long-term livelihood potential through loss of productive assets. The resulting uncertainty impedes progress out of poverty by acting as a disincentive to investment in agriculture – by farmers, rural financial services, value chain institutions and governments. We assess evidence published in the last ten years that a set of production technologies and institutional options for managing risk can stabilize production and incomes, protect assets in the face of shocks, enhance uptake of improved technologies and practices, improve farmer welfare, and contribute to poverty reduction in risk-prone smallholder agricultural systems. Production technologies and practices such as stress-adapted crop germplasm, conservation agriculture, and diversified production systems stabilize agricultural production and incomes and, hence, reduce the adverse impacts of climate-related risk under some circumstances. Institutional interventions such as index-based insurance and social protection through adaptive safety nets play a complementary role in enabling farmers to manage risk, overcome risk-related barriers to adoption of improved technologies and practices, and protect their assets against the impacts of extreme climatic events. While some research documents improvements in household welfare indicators, there is limited evidence that the risk-reduction benefits of the interventions reviewed have enabled significant numbers of very poor farmers to escape poverty. We discuss the roles that climate-risk management interventions can play in efforts to reduce rural poverty, and the need for further research on identifying and targeting environments and farming populations where improved climate risk management could accelerate efforts to reduce rural poverty.
James Hansen; Jon Hellin; Todd Rosenstock; Eleanor Fisher; Jill Cairns; Clare Stirling; Christine Lamanna; Jacob van Etten; Alison Rose; Bruce Campbell. Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction. Agricultural Systems 2019, 172, 28 -46.
AMA StyleJames Hansen, Jon Hellin, Todd Rosenstock, Eleanor Fisher, Jill Cairns, Clare Stirling, Christine Lamanna, Jacob van Etten, Alison Rose, Bruce Campbell. Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction. Agricultural Systems. 2019; 172 ():28-46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames Hansen; Jon Hellin; Todd Rosenstock; Eleanor Fisher; Jill Cairns; Clare Stirling; Christine Lamanna; Jacob van Etten; Alison Rose; Bruce Campbell. 2019. "Climate risk management and rural poverty reduction." Agricultural Systems 172, no. : 28-46.
Much research has been conducted on cereal-legume intercropping as a sustainable intensification (SI) practice in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA). However, the role of inorganic fertilizers in sustainably intensifying intercropping systems has not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, the objective of the present analysis was to assess the role of inorganic fertilizer use in cereal-pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) intercropping in terms of SI indicators, namely, yield, production risks, input use efficiency, and economic returns. The data used for this analysis were gathered from over 900 on-farm trials across Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. All SI indicators assessed showed that intercropping combined with application of small amounts of inorganic fertilizers is superior to unfertilized intercrops. Fertilizer application in the intercropping system improved cereal yields by 71–282% and pigeon pea yields by 32–449%, increased benefit–cost ratios by 10–40%, and reduced variability in cereal yields by 40–56% and pigeonpea yields by 5–52% compared with unfertilized intercrops. Improved yields and reduced variability imply lowering farmers’ risk exposure and improved credit rating, which could enhance access to farm inputs. We conclude that the strategic application of small amounts of inorganic fertilizers is essential for the productivity and economic sustainability of cereal-pigeonpea intercropping under smallholder farming in ESA.
Abednego Kiwia; David Kimani; Rebbie Harawa; Bashir Jama; Gudeta W. Sileshi. Sustainable Intensification with Cereal-Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2891 .
AMA StyleAbednego Kiwia, David Kimani, Rebbie Harawa, Bashir Jama, Gudeta W. Sileshi. Sustainable Intensification with Cereal-Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (10):2891.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbednego Kiwia; David Kimani; Rebbie Harawa; Bashir Jama; Gudeta W. Sileshi. 2019. "Sustainable Intensification with Cereal-Legume Intercropping in Eastern and Southern Africa." Sustainability 11, no. 10: 2891.